• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.8017-8018
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• 2015

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to obtain single oral dose toxicity information for concentrated and lyophilized powder of blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L., Caprifoliaceae; BHcL) in female and male ICR mice to aid in the process of developing natural origin medicinal ingredients or foods following proximate analysis and phytochemical profile measurement. The proximate analysis revealed that BHcL had an energy value of 3.80 kcal/g and contained 0.93 g/g of carbohydrate, 0.41 g/g of sugar, 0.02 g/g of protein, and 0.20 mg/g of sodium. BHcL did not contain lipids, including saturated lipids, trans fats, or cholesterols. Further, BHcL contained 4.54% of betaine, 210.63 mg/g of total phenols, 159.30 mg/g of total flavonoids, and 133.57 mg/g of total anthocyanins. Following administration of a single oral BHcL treatment, there were no treatment-related mortalities, changes in body weight (bw) or organ weight, clinical signs, necropsy or histopathological findings up to 2,000 mg/kg bw, the limited dosage for rodents of both sexes. We concluded that BHcL is a practically non-toxic material in toxicity potency.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2019

Objectives: Here, we investigated the effects of concentrated and lyophilized powders Blue honeysuckle (BH) on the PK of tamoxifen, to establish the pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles as one of essential process in new drug development. Methods: After single oral treatment of 0.4 mg/ml of tamoxifen or tamoxifen 0.4 with BH 40, 20 and 10 mg/ml, the plasma were collected at 0.5 hr before administration, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hr after end of single or mixed formula treatment. Plasma concentrations of tamoxifen were analyzed using LC-MS/MS methods. Tmax, Cmax, AUC, t1/2 and MRTinf were analyzed using noncompartmental PK data analyzer programs. Results: Tamoxifen and BH 40 mg/ml did not induce any significant change on the plasma tamoxifen concentrations, while significant decreases were observed in tamoxifen and BH 10 mg/ml from 2 to 8 hr as compared with tamoxifen only, respectively. Furthermore, significant increases of Tmax in tamoxifen and BH 40 mg/ml, significant decreases of Cmax in tamoxifen and BH 20 mg/ml, significant decreases of AUC0-t, AUC0-inf and MRTinf in tamoxifen and BH 10 mg/ml were demonstrated as compared with tamoxifen only. Conclusion: Taken together, tamoxifen and BH 10 mg/ml induced significant decrease of the oral bioavailability of tamoxifen, while tamoxifen and BH 40 or 20 mg/ml did not critically influenced, suggesting formulated BH concentration-independencies. It, therefore, seems to be needed that pharmacokinetic study after repeated administration should be tested to conclude the effects of BH on the pharmacokinetics of tamoxifen.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2013

Armeniacae semen (AS) has been considered a toxic herb in the Korean medicine as it contains hydrogen cyanide and amygdalin, especially in its endocarp. Therefore, prebrewed AS that is devoid of endocarp has been traditionally used. In the present study, amygdalin content of the prebrewed AS was significantly lower ($2.73{\pm}0.32{\mu}g/ml$; p<0.01) than the content in the extract that contained the endocarps ($28.50{\pm}6.71{\mu}g/ml$); amygdalin content corresponded to 10% of the extract in the present study. Because of single oral dose toxicity of prebrewed AS according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines (2009-116, 2009), which was based on single oral dose toxicity study of prebrewed AS, mortality due to toxic principles was significantly reduced. In this study, 2,000 mg/kg of prebrewed AS led to death of 1 female rat and 1 male rat at the end of 2 hr of administration. Based on these results, the 50% lethal dose in both male and female rats was determined to be 9279.5 mg/kg. Seizure, loss of locomotion, and increases in respiration and heart rate were observed as prebrewed AS treatment-related toxicological signs; these signs were restrictedly manifested in the prebrewed AS (2,000 mg/kg)-treated rats. In addition, no changes were observed in body weight, organ weight, gross features, and histopathological parameters with 2,000 mg/kg of AS in both male and female rats. These findings serve as direct evidence that amygdalin in AS is the toxic principle, which can be reduced by the traditional prebrewing method involving the exclusion of endocarp.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.133-145
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• 2014

Objective : In this study, the addition of dried pomegranate concentrate powder (PCP) was affected the anti-climacterium activity of red clover dry extracts (RC) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Materials and methods : After bilateral OVX surgery, RC 40 mg/kg, PCP 20 mg/kg and RC:PCP 2:1 mixture (g/g) 120, 60 and 30 mg/kg (of body weight) were orally administered, once a day for 84 days, and then the changes on the serum estradiol levels, abdominal fat pad and uterus weights were observed for estrogenic effects. In addition, liver weights, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were also evaluated for hepatoprotective effects, and serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels were monitored for hypolipidemic effects. Results : As a result of OVX, the estrogen-deficient climacterium symptoms, increments of abdominal fat pad weights, serum AST, ALT, TC, LDL and TG levels with decrease of uterus and liver weights, serum estradiol levels, were demonstrated. However, these estrogen-deficient climacterium symptoms induced by bilateral OVX in rats were significantly inhibited by continuous oral treatment of RC 40 mg/kg, PCP 20 mg/kg and RC:PCP 2:1 mixture (g/g) 120, 60 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion : The results suggested that RC:PCP 2:1 mixtures synergistically increased the anti-climacterium effects of RC in OVX rats. It, therefore, is expected that RC:PCP 2:1 mixture will be promising as a new potent protective agents for relieving the climacterium symptoms.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was to evaluate the single dose toxicity of Persicae Semen (PS) in ICR mice. Methods : Aqueous extracts of PS (Yield = 18.60%) were administered as an oral dose of 2,000, 1,000 and 500 mg/kg (body weight) according to the recommendation of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines (2009-116, 2009). Animals were monitored for the mortality and changes in body weight, clinical signs and gross observation during 14 days after dosing, upon necropsy; organ weight and histopathology of 12 principle organs were examined. Results : Amygdalin contents in PS aqueous extracts were detected as $32.50{\pm}5.96{\mu}g/ml$. We could not find any PS extracts treatment related mortalities, clinical signs, changes on the body and organ weights, gross and histopathological observations up to 2,000 mg/kg in both female and male mice, except for transient and slight loss of locomotion detected in female and male mice treated with 2,000 mg/kg. In addition, pharmacological immunomodulatory effects related findings were also demonstrated in 2,000mg/kg treated female and male mice as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lymphoid cells in the submandibular lymph nodes. Conclusions : Based on the results of this experiment, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of PS extracts after single oral treatment in female and male mice were considered above 2,000 mg/kg, respectively. It should be carefully used in clinics because the possibilities of respiratory or neurological disorders were observed when administered over 2,000 mg/kg of PS extract related to amygdalin.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.463-468
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• 2023

The carotid sinus nerve (CSN) is well known as mediating baroreflexes. However, studies of its detailed histological analysis are scant in the literature. Therefore, the current anatomical study sought to better elucidate the microanatomy of the CSN. Ten fresh frozen adult cadavers underwent dissection of the CSN. Then, it was harvested and submitted for histological and immunohistochemical staining. Specimens were all shown to be nerve fibers on histology and immunohistochemistry. We identified tyrosine hydroxylase positive fibers in all CSN specimens. These fibers were always found to be within the CSN and not on its surface i.e., epineurium. Based on our findings, the majority of fibers contained in the CSN are tyrosine positive in nature. Further studies are necessary to understand the true function of this autonomic nerve fibers.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.316-319
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• 2024

Comprehensive understanding of the variations in the branching of the external carotid artery (ECA) is essential to minimizing vascular complications during cranio-facial and neck surgical procedures. We demonstrate a rare case of unusual branching of ECAs in both carotid triangles and anomalous origin of the left ascending pharyngeal artery (APA) during dissection of embalmed cadaver. The right and left common carotid arteries (CCA) bifurcated at the level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage. The right superior thyroid artery (STA) originated anterior to the carotid bifurcation (CB), while the left STA originated from the anterior aspect of the left CCA. The right ECA trifurcated into linguofacial trunk, APA, and distal ECA, 15.7 mm from CB. On the left side, lingual artery and APA arose as a short common linguopharyngeal trunk, 1.9 mm from CB. The left facial and occipital arteries originated anteromedially and posteriorly at the same level.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2012

Purpose: Special care is necessary to avoid invading important anatomic structures during surgery when presurgical planning is made based on radiographs. However, none of these types of radiography represents a perfect modality. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of presurgical planning based on the use of two types of radiographic image (digital panoramic radiography [DPR] and cone-beam computed tomography [CBCT]) by beginner dentists to place implants, and to quantify differences in measurements between radiographic images and real specimens. Methods: Ten fresh cadavers without posterior teeth were used, and twelve practitioners who had no experience of implant surgery performed implant surgery after 10 hours of basic instruction using conventional surgical guide based on CBCT or DPR. Two types of measurement error were evaluated: 1) the presurgical measurement error, defined as that between the presurgical and postsurgical measurements in each modality of radiographic analysis, and 2) the measurement error between postsurgical radiography and the real specimen. Results: The mean presurgical measurement error was significantly smaller for CBCT than for DPR in the maxillary region, whereas it did not differ significantly between the two imaging modalities in the mandibular region. The mean measurement error between radiography and real specimens was significantly smaller for CBCT than for DPR in the maxillary region, but did not differ significantly in the mandibular region. Conclusions: Presurgical planning can be performed safely using DPR in the mandible; however, presurgical planning using CBCT is recommended in the maxilla when a structure in a buccolingual location needs to be evaluated because this imaging modality supplies buccolingual information that cannot be obtained from DPR.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.83-94
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• 2019

Objective : This study investigated the effects of concentrated and lyophilized blue honeysuckle powders (BH) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of sorafenib were observed. Method : The blood was collected at 0.5 hr before single oral treatment of sorafenib (40 mg/kg) or sorafenib with BH (400, 200 and 100 mg/kg) mixed formulas administration, and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hrs after the end of single or mixed formula administration. Plasma concentrations of sorafenib were analyzed using LC-MS/MS methods. Tmax, Cmax, AUC, $t_{1/2}$ and $MRT_{inf}$ of sorafenib were analysis as compared with sorafenib single treatment. Results : Single oral administration of mixed formulas induced significant increases of plasma sorafenib concentrations from 0.5 hr after end of administration throughout all blood collected time points, as compared with sorafenib single formula treated rats, and significant decreases of sorafenib Tmax with increases of Cmax, $AUC_{0-t}$ and $AUC_{0-inf}$ were detected in sorafenib and BH 400 mg/kg mixed formulation treated rats as compared with sorafenib single formula treated rats, respectively. Inaddition, sorafenib and BH 200 or 100 mg/kg mixed formula treated rats also showed significant increases of sorafenib Cmax, $AUC_{0-t}$ and $AUC_{0-inf}$, respectively. Conclusions : According to these results, mixed formulation of BH with sorafenib increased the bioavailability of sorafenib through the increment of the absorptions.