The rapid advancement of generative AI has ushered in an era where anyone can create and freely utilize personalized chatbots without the need for programming expertise. This study aimed to develop a customized chatbot based on OpenAI's GPTs for the purpose of pre-service teacher education and to analyze its educational performance in mathematics as assessed by educators guiding pre-service teachers. Responses to identical questions from a general-purpose chatbot (ChatGPT), a customized GPTs-based chatbot, and an elementary mathematics education expert were compared. The expert's responses received an average score of 4.52, while the customized GPTs-based chatbot received an average score of 3.73, indicating that the latter's performance did not reach the expert level. However, the customized GPTs-based chatbot's score, which was close to "adequate" on a 5-point scale, suggests its potential educational utility. On the other hand, the general-purpose chatbot, ChatGPT, received a lower average score of 2.86, with feedback indicating that its responses were not systematic and remained at a general level, making it less suitable for use in mathematics education. Despite the proven educational effectiveness of conventional customized chatbots, the time and cost associated with their development have been significant barriers. However, with the advent of GPTs services, anyone can now easily create chatbots tailored to both educators and learners, with responses that achieve a certain level of mathematics educational validity, thereby offering effective utilization across various aspects of mathematics education.
The payload BioCabinet of CAS500-3 is designed for 3D stem cell differentiation, culture, and analysis utilizing bio 3D printing techniques in space. The 3D printing technique was initially developed for orbital use; however, it lacks separate validation for extreme launch vibration environments, necessitating a design that mitigates the launch load on the payload. This paper proposes a passive vibration isolator with a low-stiffness elastic support structure and high damping characteristics to reduce the launch loads affecting the BioCabinet. We explore the high-damping characteristics through the superelastic effects of SMA (Shape Memory Alloys) and a multi-layered structure incorporating viscoelastic tape. The effectiveness of the proposed vibration isolation system was confirmed via launch vibration tests on a qualification model.
Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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v.29
no.9
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pp.287-297
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2024
The purpose of this study is to develop a design thinking-based program to enhance the core competencies of creative problem-solving, collaboration, and communication for college students and to verify its effectiveness. To this end, a design thinking-based program was developed according to the instructional systems design (ISD) model consisting of learning content analysis, class activity design, evaluation tool development, implementation, evaluation and revision. After applying to the target (88 college students), competencies in creative problem-solving, collaboration, and communication were tested to verify quantitative effectiveness and the collected data was analyzed by t-test. In order to verify the qualitative effectiveness, the reflective logs submitted by each group as a final project report were analyzed. The results of the t-test conducted to verify the change in students' means in the pre-post competency test, showed that there were statistically significant increase in creative problem solving skill (t=-4.955, p<.01), collaboration skill (t=-3.179, p<.01), and communication skills(t=- 4.293, p<.01). And the design thinking-based program enabled students to have optimal learning experiences. Especially, learners in the program positively appreciated the experience of sharing various ideas with other members, strengthening cognitive flexibility, and acquiring performance.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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v.19
no.4
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pp.215-229
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2024
The purpose of this study was to explore various factors that affect the organizational commitment of health teachers' behavioral characteristics and explain the causal relationship between each factor. As an exploratory study, the subjects were about 500 people working as health teachers. A survey was conducted, and 190 responses were collected. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS, and the measurement model and hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. As a result of the analysis, the behavioral characteristics of health teachers were found to have a positive effect on their self-efficacy, and the behavioral characteristics and self-efficacy were found to have a positive effect on emotional commitment. In addition, health teachers' self-efficacy has a positive effect on emotional commitment, which means that rather than their behavioral characteristics having a direct effect on emotional commitment, their behavioral characteristics indirectly affect emotional commitment through a mediator called self-efficacy. It shows that it has an impact. In particular, it was confirmed that the school nurse's level of awareness of the importance of the task affected self-efficacy and emotional commitment. The implication of this study is that it explained the phenomenon of transfer of their behavioral characteristics to organizational commitment by empirically revealing that the competency, or behavioral characteristics, of health teachers are a factor affecting organizational commitment through self-efficacy. The goal is to empirically demonstrate that awareness of task importance, a job characteristic, affects self-efficacy and organizational commitment. The results of the study are expected to be able to suggest directions for capacity building and operation of health teachers.
As technology advances, Internet of Things (IoT) technology is rapidly evolving as well. Various protocols, including Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), are being used in IoT technology. MQTT, a lightweight messaging protocol, is considered a de-facto standard in the IoT field due to its efficiency in transmitting data even in environments with limited bandwidth and power. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the message transmission method in MQTT 5.0, specifically focusing on the shared subscription feature. The widely used round-robin method in shared subscriptions has the drawback of not considering the current state of the clients. To address this limitation, we propose a method to select the optimal transmission method by considering the current state. We model this problem based on Markov decision process (MDP) and utilize Q-Learning to select the optimal transmission method. Through simulation results, we compare our proposed method with existing methods in various environments and conduct performance analysis. We confirm that our proposed method outperforms existing methods in terms of performance and conclude by suggesting future research directions.
Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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v.50
no.3
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pp.193-200
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2024
In this work, lipid nanovesicles (LNV) containing niacinamide were prepared by changing the concentration of lecithin, fatty acids (palmitic acid), and surfactant (polysorbate 60), and physicochemical characteristics analysis and skin permeability evaluation were performed. The present LNVs were measured with an average diameter of 77 ~ 160 nm, zeta potential -63 ~ -31 mV depending on the concentration of lecithin and polysorbate 60. As a result of observing the stability over time for 12 weeks, LNV1 showed much better colloidal stability than others. In addition, in vitro skin penetration using Franz cell was evaluated for LNV. In this work, niacinamide was selected as the model drug. As a result of skin penetration, it was confirmed that the skin penetration of fatty acid containing LNV1 was much superior than control. These results confirm that LNVs containing lecithin, fatty acids, and surfactants can support the skin absorption of active ingredients in cosmetics.
Jae Hwan Jung;Dong-Min Park;Seok-Kyu Cho;Sa Young Hong
Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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v.61
no.5
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pp.312-323
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2024
This study aims to evaluate the safe operating envelope (SOE) for light aircraft carriers using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling database of flight deck air-wake. Assessing the SOE is crucial for ensuring the safe operation of carrier-based aircraft, particularly during take-off and landing maneuvers. Traditional methods that only consider relative wind envelopes (RWE) provide basic information but fail to account for the complex airflow patterns over the flight deck. To address this limitation, this research utilizes CFD to analyze the air-wake and integrate these findings into the SOE assessment. Various studies on CFD modeling of airflow around naval ships and aircraft carriers were reviewed, confirming the importance of accurate airflow databases for operational safety. This study employs the KRISO-CVX1 model, a light aircraft carrier designed by the Korea Research Institute of Ships & Ocean Engineering (KRISO), to demonstrate the application of CFD data in SOE evaluations. The methodology involves a detailed analysis of turbulent flow and thermal fields around the carrier deck under different wind speed, direction, and ship speed conditions. The results indicate significant variations in air-wake characteristics depending on the relative wind speed and direction, impacting the operational safety of carrier-based aircraft. This study emphasizes the need for incorporating CFD-based airflow data into SOE assessments to enhance the accuracy and reliability of operational safety evaluations for aircraft carriers. In conclusion, the integration of CFD air-wake modeling databases provides a more comprehensive approach to assessing the SOE, offering improved safety margins for carrier-based aircraft operations. This research is expected to contribute to the development of more robust and precise operational guidelines for naval aviation.
Zanthoxylum schinifolium Siebold et Zuccarini, which belongs to the Rutaceae family, has been widely used as a spice and medicinal herb in East Asian countries, such as Korea, China, and Japan. In this study, we investigated the anti-obesity mechanism of the methanol extract from the leaves of Z. schinifolium (MEZS). Using the 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte model, our findings showed that MEZS significantly inhibited adipocyte differentiation and fat formation induced by adipocyte differentiation inducer in a dose-dependent manner. MEZS' anti-obesity effects could be attributed to their ability to block the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and C/EBPβ, and adipocyte-specific genes, such as adipocyte-specific lipid binding protein, leptin, and fatty acid synthase. MEZS also attenuated the activation of the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, and when the PI3K/Akt pathway was artificially blocked, the inhibitory effect of MEZS on adipocyte differentiation and fat formation was further enhanced. Furthermore, MEZS blocked the generation of reactive oxygen species in differentiated adipocytes, which was associated with the activation of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and induction of Nrf2 downstream proteins, such as heme oxygenase 1 and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1. Although analysis of the physiologically active substances contained in MEZS and validation in animal models are required, the results of this study suggest that the extract of Z. schinifolium leaves has excellent potential as a food or pharmaceutical material with anti-obesity effects.
Internet commerce has been growing at a rapid pace for the last decade. Many firms try to reach wider consumer markets by adding the Internet channel to the existing traditional channels. Despite the various benefits of the Internet channel, a significant number of firms failed in managing the new type of channel. Previous studies could not cleary explain these conflicting results associated with the Internet channel. One of the major reasons is most of the previous studies conducted analyses under a specific market condition and claimed that as the impact of Internet channel introduction. Therefore, their results are strongly influenced by the specific market settings. However, firms face various market conditions in the real worlddensity and disutility of using the Internet. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of various market environments on a firm's optimal channel strategy by employing a flexible game theory model. We capture various market conditions with consumer density and disutility of using the Internet.
shows the channel structures analyzed in this study. Before the Internet channel is introduced, a monopoly manufacturer sells its products through an independent physical store. From this structure, the manufacturer could introduce its own Internet channel (MI). The independent physical store could also introduce its own Internet channel and coordinate it with the existing physical store (RI). An independent Internet retailer such as Amazon could enter this market (II). In this case, two types of independent retailers compete with each other. In this model, consumers are uniformly distributed on the two dimensional space. Consumer heterogeneity is captured by a consumer's geographical location (ci) and his disutility of using the Internet channel (${\delta}_{N_i}$).
shows various market conditions captured by the two consumer heterogeneities.
(a) illustrates a market with symmetric consumer distributions. The model captures explicitly the asymmetric distributions of consumer disutility in a market as well. In a market like that is represented in
(c), the average consumer disutility of using an Internet store is relatively smaller than that of using a physical store. For example, this case represents the market in which 1) the product is suitable for Internet transactions (e.g., books) or 2) the level of E-Commerce readiness is high such as in Denmark or Finland. On the other hand, the average consumer disutility when using an Internet store is relatively greater than that of using a physical store in a market like (b). Countries like Ukraine and Bulgaria, or the market for "experience goods" such as shoes, could be examples of this market condition.
summarizes the various scenarios of consumer distributions analyzed in this study. The range for disutility of using the Internet (${\delta}_{N_i}$) is held constant, while the range of consumer distribution (${\chi}_i$) varies from -25 to 25, from -50 to 50, from -100 to 100, from -150 to 150, and from -200 to 200.
summarizes the analysis results. As the average travel cost in a market decreases while the average disutility of Internet use remains the same, average retail price, total quantity sold, physical store profit, monopoly manufacturer profit, and thus, total channel profit increase. On the other hand, the quantity sold through the Internet and the profit of the Internet store decrease with a decreasing average travel cost relative to the average disutility of Internet use. We find that a channel that has an advantage over the other kind of channel serves a larger portion of the market. In a market with a high average travel cost, in which the Internet store has a relative advantage over the physical store, for example, the Internet store becomes a mass-retailer serving a larger portion of the market. This result implies that the Internet becomes a more significant distribution channel in those markets characterized by greater geographical dispersion of buyers, or as consumers become more proficient in Internet usage. The results indicate that the degree of price discrimination also varies depending on the distribution of consumer disutility in a market. The manufacturer in a market in which the average travel cost is higher than the average disutility of using the Internet has a stronger incentive for price discrimination than the manufacturer in a market where the average travel cost is relatively lower. We also find that the manufacturer has a stronger incentive to maintain a high price level when the average travel cost in a market is relatively low. Additionally, the retail competition effect due to Internet channel introduction strengthens as average travel cost in a market decreases. This result indicates that a manufacturer's channel power relative to that of the independent physical retailer becomes stronger with a decreasing average travel cost. This implication is counter-intuitive, because it is widely believed that the negative impact of Internet channel introduction on a competing physical retailer is more significant in a market like Russia, where consumers are more geographically dispersed, than in a market like Hong Kong, that has a condensed geographic distribution of consumers. illustrates how this happens. When mangers consider the overall impact of the Internet channel, however, they should consider not only channel power, but also sales volume. When both are considered, the introduction of the Internet channel is revealed as more harmful to a physical retailer in Russia than one in Hong Kong, because the sales volume decrease for a physical store due to Internet channel competition is much greater in Russia than in Hong Kong. The results show that manufacturer is always better off with any type of Internet store introduction. The independent physical store benefits from opening its own Internet store when the average travel cost is higher relative to the disutility of using the Internet. Under an opposite market condition, however, the independent physical retailer could be worse off when it opens its own Internet outlet and coordinates both outlets (RI). This is because the low average travel cost significantly reduces the channel power of the independent physical retailer, further aggravating the already weak channel power caused by myopic inter-channel price coordination. The results implies that channel members and policy makers should explicitly consider the factors determining the relative distributions of both kinds of consumer disutility, when they make a channel decision involving an Internet channel. These factors include the suitability of a product for Internet shopping, the level of E-Commerce readiness of a market, and the degree of geographic dispersion of consumers in a market. Despite the academic contributions and managerial implications, this study is limited in the following ways. First, a series of numerical analyses were conducted to derive equilibrium solutions due to the complex forms of demand functions. In the process, we set up V=100, ${\lambda}$=1, and ${\beta}$=0.01. Future research may change this parameter value set to check the generalizability of this study. Second, the five different scenarios for market conditions were analyzed. Future research could try different sets of parameter ranges. Finally, the model setting allows only one monopoly manufacturer in the market. Accommodating competing multiple manufacturers (brands) would generate more realistic results.
In MIS field, the researches on payment services are focused on adoption factors of payment service using behavior theories such as TRA(Theory of Reasoned Action), TAM(Technology Acceptance Model), and TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior). The previous researches presented various adoption factors according to types of payment service, nations, culture and so on even though adoption factors of identical payment service were presented differently by researchers. The payment service industry relatively has strong path dependency to the existing payment methods so that the research results on the identical payment service are different due to payment culture of nation. This paper aims to suggest a successful adoption factor of noble payment service regardless of nation's culture and characteristics of payment and prove it. In previous researches, common adoption factors of payment service are convenience, ease of use, security, convenience, speed etc. But real cases prove the fact that adoption factors that the previous researches present are not always critical to success to penetrate a market. For example, PayByPhone, NFC based parking payment service, successfully has penetrated to early market and grown. In contrast, Google Wallet service failed to be adopted to users despite NFC based payment method which provides convenience, security, ease of use. As shown in upper case, there remains an unexplained aspect. Therefore, the present research question emerged from the question: "What is the more essential and fundamental factor that should takes precedence over factors such as provides convenience, security, ease of use for successful penetration to market". With these cases, this paper analyzes four cases predicted on the following hypothesis and demonstrates it. "To successfully penetrate a market and sustainably grow, new payment service should find non-customer of the existing payment service and provide noble payment method so that they can use payment method". We give plausible explanations for the hypothesis using multiple case studies. Diners club, Danal, PayPal, Square were selected as a typical and successful cases in each category of payment service. The discussion on cases is primarily non-customer analysis that noble payment service targets on to find the most crucial factor in the early market, we does not attempt to consider factors for business growth. We clarified three-tier non-customer of the payment method that new payment service targets on and elaborated how new payment service satisfy them. In case of credit card, this payment service target first tier of non-customer who can't pay for because they don't have any cash temporarily but they have regular income. So credit card provides an opportunity which they can do economic activities by delaying the date of payment. In a result of wireless phone payment's case study, this service targets on second of non-customer who can't use online payment because they concern about security or have to take a complex process and learn how to use online payment method. Therefore, wireless phone payment provides very convenient payment method. Especially, it made group of young pay for a little money without a credit card. Case study result of PayPal, online payment service, shows that it targets on second tier of non-customer who reject to use online payment service because of concern about sensitive information leaks such as passwords and credit card details. Accordingly, PayPal service allows users to pay online without a provision of sensitive information. Final Square case result, Mobile POS -based payment service, also shows that it targets on second tier of non-customer who can't individually transact offline because of cash's shortness. Hence, Square provides dongle which function as POS by putting dongle in earphone terminal. As a result, four cases made non-customer their customer so that they could penetrate early market and had been extended their market share. Consequently, all cases supported the hypothesis and it is highly probable according to 'analytic generation' that case study methodology suggests. We present for judging the quality of research designs the following. Construct validity, internal validity, external validity, reliability are common to all social science methods, these have been summarized in numerous textbooks(Yin, 2014). In case study methodology, these also have served as a framework for assessing a large group of case studies (Gibbert, Ruigrok & Wicki, 2008). Construct validity is to identify correct operational measures for the concepts being studied. To satisfy construct validity, we use multiple sources of evidence such as the academic journals, magazine and articles etc. Internal validity is to seek to establish a causal relationship, whereby certain conditions are believed to lead to other conditions, as distinguished from spurious relationships. To satisfy internal validity, we do explanation building through four cases analysis. External validity is to define the domain to which a study's findings can be generalized. To satisfy this, replication logic in multiple case studies is used. Reliability is to demonstrate that the operations of a study -such as the data collection procedures- can be repeated, with the same results. To satisfy this, we use case study protocol. In Korea, the competition among stakeholders over mobile payment industry is intensifying. Not only main three Telecom Companies but also Smartphone companies and service provider like KakaoTalk announced that they would enter into mobile payment industry. Mobile payment industry is getting competitive. But it doesn't still have momentum effect notwithstanding positive presumptions that will grow very fast. Mobile payment services are categorized into various technology based payment service such as IC mobile card and Application payment service of cloud based, NFC, sound wave, BLE(Bluetooth Low Energy), Biometric recognition technology etc. Especially, mobile payment service is discontinuous innovations that users should change their behavior and noble infrastructure should be installed. These require users to learn how to use it and cause infra-installation cost to shopkeepers. Additionally, payment industry has the strong path dependency. In spite of these obstacles, mobile payment service which should provide dramatically improved value as a products and service of discontinuous innovations is focusing on convenience and security, convenience and so on. We suggest the following to success mobile payment service. First, non-customers of the existing payment service need to be identified. Second, needs of them should be taken. Then, noble payment service provides non-customer who can't pay by the previous payment method to payment method. In conclusion, mobile payment service can create new market and will result in extension of payment market.
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