• Asian Spine Journal
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.981-986
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• 2018

Study Design: Retrospective case series. Purpose: Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is associated with etiologies such as lumbar disc herniation (LDH) and lumbar canal stenosis (LCS). CES has a prevalence of 2% among patients with LDH and exhibits variable outcomes, even with early surgery. Few studies have explored the factors influencing the prognosis in terms of bladder function. Therefore, we aimed to assess the factors contributing to bladder recovery and propose a simplified bladder recovery classification. Overview of Literature: Few reports have described the prognostic clinical factors for bladder recovery following CES. Moreover, limited data are available regarding a meaningful bladder recovery status classification useful in clinical settings. Methods: A single-center retrospective study was conducted (April 2012 to April 2015). Patients with CES secondary to LDH or LCS were included. The retrieved data were evaluated for variables such as demographics, symptom duration, neurological symptoms, bladder symptoms, and surgery duration. The variable bladder function outcome during discharge and at follow-up was recorded. All subjects were followed up for at least 2 years. A simplified bladder recovery classification was proposed. Statistical analyses were performed to study the correlation between patient variables and bladder function outcome. Results: Overall, 39 patients were included in the study. Majority of the subjects were males (79.8%) with an average age of 44.4 years. CES secondary to LDH was most commonly seen (89.7%). Perianal sensation (PAS) showed a significant correlation with neurological recovery. In the absence of PAS, bladder function did not recover. Voluntary anal contraction (VAC) was affected in all study subjects. Conclusions: Intactness of PAS was the only significant prognostic variable. Decreased or absent VAC was the most sensitive diagnostic marker of CES. We also proposed a simplified bladder recovery classification for recovery prognosis.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.215-218
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• 2022

The rectum is the least frequently injured organ in trauma, with an incidence of about 1% to 3% in trauma cases involving civilians. Most rectal injuries are caused by gunshot wounds, blunt force trauma, and stab wounds. A 46-year-old male patient was crushed between two vehicles while he was working. He was hemodynamically unstable, and the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma showed hemoperitoneum and hemoretroperitoneum; therefore, damage control surgery with pelvic packing was performed. A subsequent whole-body computed tomography scan showed a displaced pelvic bone and sacrum fracture. There was evidence of an anorectal full-thickness laceration and urethral laceration. In second-look surgery performed 48 hours later, the pelvis was stabilized with external fixators, and it was decided to proceed with loop sigmoid colostomy. A tractioned rectal probe with an internal balloon was positioned in order to approach the flaps of the rectal wall laceration. On postoperative day 13, a radiological examination with endoluminal contrast injected from the stoma after removal of the balloon was performed and showed no evidence of extraluminal leak. Rectosigmoidoscopy, rectal manometry, anal sphincter electromyography, and trans-stomic transit examinations showed normal findings, indicating that it was appropriate to proceed with the closure of the colostomy. The postoperative course was uneventful. The optimal management for extraperitoneal penetrating rectal injuries continues to evolve. Primary repair with fecal diversion is the mainstay of treatment, and a conservative approach to rectal lacerations with an internal balloon in a rectal probe could provide a possibility for healing with a lower risk of complications.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2002

목적 : 항문암의 치료에 있어 고전적으로는 복회음부절제술이 주된 치료였으나 현재는 화학방사선병용요법이 주된 치료방법으로 정립되었다. 저자들은 서울대학교병원에서 항문암으로 치료 받은 환자의 임상적 특성을 조사하고, 치료방법에 따른 치료성적과 예후인자를 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1979년 8월부터 1990년 7월까지 서울대학교병원 치료방사선과에서 근치적 또는 수술 후 방사선 치료를 받은 42명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적으로 분석하였다. 표피양암종이 38명으로 방사선치료가 4명에서, 복회음부절제술 및 수술 후 방사선치료${\pm}$화학요법이 19명에서, 화학방사선요법이 15명에서 시행되었다. 화학방사선요법은 복합화학요법$(5-FU\;1,000\;mg/m^2\;D1\~5,\;cisplatin\;60\;mg/m^2\;D1)$을 3회 시행 후 원발병소 및 영역림프절에 50.4 Gy를 조사하였고, 양측 서혜림프절에도 동일양을 조사하였다. 잔존암이 있는 경우 복합화학요법을 3회 추가 실시하였다. 중앙추적기간은 85개월이었다. 결과 : 전체 항문암 환자의 5년 생존율은 $80.3\%$이었다. 치료방법에 따른 5년 생존율은 복회음부절제술 및 수술 후 방사선치료${\pm}$화학요법군, 화학방사선요법군에서 각각 $88.9\%,\;79.4\%$이었으며 두군간의 생존율의 차이의 통계적인 의미는 없었다(p=0.495). 화학방사선요법을 시행 받은 환자군에서의 항문보존율은 $86.7\%$였다. 예후인자 중 단변량분석에서는 연령(p=0.0164)과 수행능력(p=0.0007)이 유의성을 보였으며, 다변량분석에서는 연령(p=0.0426)과 수행능력(p=0.0068) 및 서혜림프절 전이여부(p=0.0093)가 통계학적으로 유의하였다. 결론 : 항문암의 치료에 있어서 화학방사선요법을 시행할 경우 기존에 알려진 바와 같이 복회음부절제술과 유사한 생존율을 보이며, 항문기능을 보존할 수 있는 치료 방법임을 확인할 수 있었다. 나아가 병행화학요법이 아닌 선행화학요법을 시행하여 수반되는 합병증을 줄일 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2020

Purpose: Colorectal cancer is becoming an increasing concern in the middle-aged population of Iran. This study aimed to compare the preliminary results of short-course and long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy treatment for rectal cancer patients. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial we recruited patients with rectal adenocarcinoma located from 5 cm to 15 cm above the anal verge. Patients in group I (short-course) received three-dimensional conformational radiotherapy with a dose of 25 Gy/5 fractions in 1 week plus concurrent XELOX regimen (capecitabine 625 mg/㎡ from day 1-5 twice daily and oxaliplatin 50 mg/㎡ on day 1 once daily). Patients in group II (long-course) received a total dose of 50-50.4 Gy/25-28 fractions for 5 to 5.5 weeks plus capecitabine 825 mg/㎡ twice daily. Both groups underwent consolidation chemotherapy followed by delayed surgery at least 8 weeks after radiotherapy completion. The pathological response was assessed with tumor regression grade. Results: In this preliminary report on complications and pathological response, 66 patients were randomized into two study groups. Mean duration of radiotherapy in the group II (long-course) was 5 ± 1 days (range, 5 to 8 days) and 38 ± 6 days (range, 30 to 58 days). The median follow-up was 18 months. Pathological complete response was achieved in 32.3% and 23.1% of patients in the shortcourse and long-course groups, respectively (p = 0.558). Overall, acute grade 3 or higher treatment-related toxicities occurred in 24.2% and 22.2% of patients in group I and II, respectively (p = 0.551). No acute grade 4 or 5 adverse events were observed in either group except one grade 4 hematologic toxicity that was seen in group II. Within one month of surgery, no significant difference was seen regarding grade ≥3 postoperative complications (p = 0.333). Conclusion: For patients with rectal cancer located at least 5 cm above the anal verge, short-course radiotherapy with concurrent and consolidation chemotherapy and delayed surgery is not different in terms of acute toxicity, postoperative morbidity, complete resection, and pathological response compared to long-course chemoradiotherapy.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2011

This study was aimed to evaluate associated congenital anomalies in the patients with esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF). Forty-two neonates with the diagnosis of EA/TEF treated over a 10 year period in a single institution were included in this study. The demography of EA/TEF was analyzed. Major associated anomalies including vertebral, anal, cardiac, renal, limb, neurologic and chromosome were reviewed and categorized. Males were slightly more dominant than females (1.47:1) and all patients had Gross type C EA/TEF. Only 19 % of the patients had solitary EA/TEF without associated anomalies. Cardiac anomalies were the most common associated congenital anomaly in patients with EA/TEF (73.8 %). But 47.6 % were cured spontaneously or did not affect patients' life. Atrial septal defect (ASD) was the most common cardiac anomaly followed by patent ductus arterious (PDA) and ventricular septal defect (VSD). Among gastrointestinal anomalies (23.8 %), anorectal malformations were the most frequent, 70 % Vertebral and limb abnormalities accounted for 11.9 % and urogenital malformations 9.5 % of the anomalies in patients with EA/TEF. VACTERL associated anomalies were 23.8 % and 1.8% had full VACTERL. Almost 12 % of EA/TEF had neurologic anomalies. Patients with EA/TEF require preoperative evaluation including neurologic evaluation to detect anomalies not related to VACTERL. Though associated cardiac anomaly occurred in 73.8 % of patients in our study, only 21.42 % needed surgical correction. The authors suggesrs further studies with large numbers of patients with EA/TEF.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2006

목적 : 항문에서 5cm 이내에 위치한 하부 직장암 환자들에서 항문 괄약근 보존율, 병기 강하율 등 수술 전 화학방사선요법의 효과를 분석하고자 하였으며 수술 전 화학방사선요법 시행 후에 수술을 받지 않은 환자의 예후도 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 원격전이가 없는 직장암으로 진단 받고 1995년 1월 1일부터 2004 년 9월 30일 사이에 단국대학교병원 방사선종양학과에서 수술 전 화학방사선요법을 시행 받은 환자 37 명을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 하였다. 환자들은 종양이 하부 직장에 위치하여 수술시 항문 괄약근 보존이 어려울 것으로 판단되었다. 대상 환 자들은 방사선치료 전에 병기결정을 위한 검사들을 시행하였고 50.4 Gy/28 회의 수술 전 화학방사선요법을 시행한 후 약 1 개월에 조직검사를 포함한 병기결정을 위한 검사들을 다시 시행하였다 수술은 25명의 환자에 서 수술 전 화학방사선요법 종료 후 약 6 주경에 시행하였다. 증상이 호전된 후에 수술을 거부한 12 명은 주의 갚게 경과관찰을 하였다. 결과 : 병기 재평가 검사 소견 및 수술 후 병리소견을 종합할 때 전체 37 명 중 T 병기가 강하된 경우는 21 명 (56.8%), N 병기가 강하된 경우는 12 명 (32.4%) 이었다. 방사선치료 후에 수술이 시도된 환자 25 명 중 24 명에서 병소의 근치적 절제가 이루어졌다 이 중 11 명에서는 복회음부절제술, 7 명에서는 하전방절제술, 6 명에서는 국소절제술을 시행하였다 24 명 모두에서 절제연 음성의 한전절제가 이루어졌고 절제가 이루어진 환자들의 항문 괄약근 보존율은 13/24 (54.2%) 였다 환자의 거부로 수술을 시행하지 못한 환자 12 명 중 6 명은 임상적으로 완전관해의 소견이었고 조직검사에서도 암세포가 없었던 환자들이었는데 그 중 4 명이 30 개월 이상, 1 명 이 12 개월 이상 무병상태로 경과 관찰되고 있으며 1 명만 7 개월만에 국소재발이 확인되었다 반면 부분관해의 소견을 보이고 수술을 거부한 환자 6명 전원은 추적관찰 중 사망하거나 원격전이가 확인되었다 결론: 하부 직장암 환자들에서 수술 전 화학방사선요법은 수술 시행환자에서 높은 비율의 괄약근 보존율을 보였다. 하부 직장암에서 임상적으로 완전관해의 소견을 보인 경우도 수술 시행이 원칙이지만 수술을 거부하는 경우는 주의 깊게 경과 관찰을 하여도 좋은 예후를 기대할 수 있음이 시사된다.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.137-145
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• 2020

Purpose: The Oral-anal Transit Test (OTT) is a simple method of obtaining information about colonic transit. We aim to assess the correlation of OTT with the neuromuscular integrity of the colon determined by colonic manometry (CM). Methods: All patients who had OTT followed by CM were evaluated. Less than 6 of 24 markers remaining on OTT was considered normal. CM was performed per previously published guidelines. A normal CM was defined as at least one High Amplitude Propagating Contraction progressing from the most proximal sensor through the sigmoid colon. Results: A total of 34 patients underwent both OTT and CM (44% male, age 4-18 years, mean 11.5 years, 97% functional constipation +/- soiling, Hirschsprung's Disease). Of normal and abnormal OTT patients, 85.7% (6/7) and 18.5% (5/27) respectively had normal CM. When all markers progressed to at least the sigmoid colon, this was 100% predictive against colonic inertia. Greater than 50% of patients with manometric isolated sigmoid dysfunction had markers proximal to the recto-sigmoid. Conclusion: OTT and CM are both valuable studies that assess different aspects of colonic function. OTT can be used as a screening test to rule out colonic inertia. However, the most proximal extent of remaining markers does not predict the anatomical extent of the manometric abnormality, particularly in isolated sigmoid dysfunction.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.376-379
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• 2013

4주령의 0.6 kg 암컷 스콧티쉬 폴드 고양이가 예방 접종을 위해 내원하였다. 신체 검사에서 수양성 분변이 질에서 나오는 것이 확인 되었고 항문은 폐쇄되어 있었다. 방사선 양성 조영 검사에서 직장질루, 확장된 결장이 확인 되었다. 영상 검사에 기초하여 Type III 의 항문 무형성과 직장 질루가 병발한 것으로 최종 진단 하였다. 수술적인 직장 질루의 폐쇄와 항문의 재건이 실시되었다. 수술 후 소화능력을 향상시키기 위해서 락툴로즈와 식이요법을 실시 하였고, 고양이는 수술 후 2주에 배변 조절이 가능해졌으며, 8개월 후 추적조사에서 합병증 없이 배변조절 상태가 유지 되었다.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.299-304
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• 2021

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare, progressive, life-threatening condition of thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and renal impairment. The mechanisms underlying aHUS remain unclear. Herein, we present the first case in the literature of aHUS after a traumatic injury. A 55-year-old male visited the emergency department after a traumatic injury caused by a tree limb. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a rectal wall defect with significant air density in the perirectal space and preperitoneum, implying rectal perforation. Due to the absence of intraperitoneal intestinal perforation, we performed diverting sigmoid loop colostomy. An additional intermittent simple repair was performed due to perianal and anal injuries. One day postoperatively, his urine output abruptly decreased and serum creatinine level increased. His platelet level decreased, and a spiking fever occurred after 2 days. The patient was diagnosed with acute renal failure secondary to aHUS and was treated with fresh frozen plasma replacement. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) was also started for oliguria and uremic symptoms. The patient received CRRT for 3 days and intermittent hemodialysis thereafter. After hemodialysis and subsequent supportive treatment, his urine output and renal function improved. The hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia also gradually improved. Dialysis was terminated on day 22 of admission and the patient was discharged after recovery. This case suggests that that a traumatic event can trigger aHUS, which should be considered in patients who have thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are critical for favorable outcomes.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.232-234
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• 2007

We describe the extrusion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter from the anus after double perforation of the large bowel in a 3-year-old girl with hydrocephalus. She was admitted because the tip of the peritoneal catheter protruded 10 cm from the anus and clear cerebrospinal fluid dripped from the tip. Emergency laparotomy was performed. The distal peritoneal catheter perforated and penetrated the sigmoid colon and re-perforated into the rectal cavity. The distal peritoneal catheter was removed, the proximal catheter was exposed for external drainage, and intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics were administered for 2 weeks. After control of infection, the shunt system was completely removed. Bowel perforation by a peritoneal catheter is a rare complication. Diagnosis is often difficult, delayed, and its incidence is likely underestimated. Most bowel perforation is the result of infection as opposed to technical errors.