• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.781-788
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• 2008

본 연구는 실험계획법과 통계학적 분석을 이용하여 세가지 유기성 폐기물(축산폐수, 하수슬러지, 음식물쓰레기)의 혼합 산발효를 위한 최적 운전 조건을 구하였다. 먼저, 세가지 기질의 최적 혼합비 도출을 위해 15회의 회분식 실험을 진행하였고, 획득한 실험 값의 통계학적 분석 결과 도출된 최적 혼합비는 chemical oxygen demand(COD) 기준으로 축산폐수, 하수슬러지, 음식물쓰레기 순으로 0.4 : 1.0 : 1.1로 나타났다. 도출된 최적 혼합비율로 준비된 기질을 대상으로 산발효 연속 운전 최적화를 수행하였다. 중요 운전 인자로서 hydraulic retention time(HRT)과 기질 농도를 설정하고, 실험계획법의 일종인 반응표면법(Response surface methodology, RSM)을 적용하였다. 3단계의 실험 계획에 의거한 연속 운전 결과, total volatile fatty acids(TVFA) 생성을 극대화 할 수 있는 최적 운전 조건은 HRT 2일, 기질 농도 29,237 mg COD/L로 밝혀졌고, 제시된 2차 경험적 모델식을 통해 최적 운전 조건에서 73%의 TVFA 증가율을 예상할 수 있었다. 도출된 모델식의 정확도 검증을 위한 실험 결과, 약 4%의 상대오차를 나타내 반응표면법을 비롯한 실험계획법과 통계학적 분석 방안이 성상 변화가 큰 실 폐기물의 최적화에도 효과적으로 적용될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.610-618
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• 2008

실제 하수 처리 시스템에서 유입조건, 공법, 다양한 운전조건과 복잡한 인자에 대하여 실험을 통하여 많은 처리공법을 비교하고 각 공정별 최적조건을 찾는 것은 쉽지 않은 일이며, 많은 비용과 시간을 필요로 한다. 본 연구에서는 하수 처리 시스템의 주요 생물학적 하수처리 공정인 $A_2O$(혐기/무산소/호기), Bardenpho(4단계), VIP(Virginia Initiative Plant), UCT(University of Cape Town) 공정의 활성오니공정모델을 이용한 모델링을 수행하고, 이를 바탕으로 공법별 환경성과 경제성 평가의 비교 분석을 수행하였다. 이를 위해 다양한 하수처리 공정의 처리 효율을 비교하고 새로운 지표로 나타낼 수 있는 환경성 평가 기준과 동시에 비용 산출을 고려한 평가 지표를 제시하였다. 제시된 지표를 바탕으로 통해 각 공정 최적화와 유입조건에 따른 고도처리공정의 공법 선정에 유용하게 쓰일 수 있음을 보였다. 또한 유입유량과 호기조 부피의 변화에 따른 경제성과 환경성 지표의 변화를 파악하고, 나아가 다양한 운전 조건하에서의 최적 지표를 예측할 수 있었다.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.167-176
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• 2015

본 연구대상지인 굴포천은 인천, 부천, 서울, 김포를 걸쳐 흐르는 도심하천으로서 수질오염이 심하고 지속적인 하천개수사업으로 인하여 하천의 자연성이 미비한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 굴포천에서 하천수 및 하상 퇴적물의 이화학적 특성을 분석하였고, 퇴적물로부터 영양염 용출특성을 실내실험으로 호기와 혐기 조건에서 규명하고자 하였다. 굴포천의 수질은 영양염의 농도가 높을 뿐만 아니라 용존산소가 매우 낮아서 혐기화로 인한 다양한 수질문제를 야기할 우려가 있었다. 또한, 완만한 경사 및 느린 유속으로 인하여 유수가 정체되어 있기에 하상 내에 퇴적 오니가 쌓이게 되고, 이러한 퇴적오니는 다량의 유기물질과 영양염이 흡착하고 있어 재용출에 의한 내부오염의 가능성이 높았다. 결론적으로 굴포천 퇴적물은 혐기조건에서 오염물질이 용출될 가능성이 크고, 이로 인하여 하천 수질에 악영향을 미칠 수 있기에 준설 등의 주기적인 퇴적물 관리가 필요하다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2015

폐활성슬러지의 감량화 및 혐기성소화 효율 향상을 위한 가용화 기술로 microwave (MW)에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. MW에 의한 가용화는 유전가열에 의해 가열적, 비가열적 효과 및 이온성 전도를 유도하여 매우 짧은 시간에 반응이 일어나므로 폐활성슬러지의 가용화에 효과적으로 적용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐활성슬러지 가용화에 대해 전도 가열대비 MW의 우수성을 평가하였고, 고출력 조건에서 수행된 기존 연구들과 달리 저출력 조건에서 MW의 효율 향상을 위해 강산인 $H_2SO_4$ 및 이온성 물질인 $CaCl_2$, NaCl을 촉매로 이용하였다. 전도 가열 대비 MW를 이용한 폐활성슬러지의 가용화 효율은 $50^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 6.2배, $100^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 1.4배 높게 나타났으며, 본 연구의 MW 저출력 조건에서 최대 COD 가용화율은 10.0%로 나타났다. 동일한 MW 출력 및 반응시간 조건에서 촉매물질인 $H_2SO_4$ 및 NaCl의 첨가를 통해 폐활성슬러지의 COD 가용화율이 18.1%, 12.7%로 증가하였으며, $CaCl_2$를 첨가하였을 경우에는 COD 가용화율이 10.7%로 MW의 효율에 향상에 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 가용화 효율을 향상시킬 것으로 예상된 $Ca^{2+}$가 슬러지 가용화에 따라 발생하는 ${PO_4}^{3-}$와 반응하여 침전물 형성에 소모되었기 때문으로 판단된다. 본 연구에서 MW 효율 향상을 위한 가장 적합한 촉매물질은 $H_2SO_4$인 것으로 나타났으며, 0.2 M의 $H_2SO_4$를 첨가한 MW 조건이 폐활성슬러지의 가용화에 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.252.1-252.1
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• 2010

These studies convert to useful electricity from swine wastewater and to treat this wastewater. In order to operate the microbial fuel cell(MFC) for the swine wastewater, the anode volume of MFCs was scaled up with 5L in the vacant condition. Graphite felts and low-priced mesh stainless-less as electrode had mixed up and packed into the anode compartment. The meshed stainless-less electrode could also be acted the collector of electron produced by microorganisms in anode. For a cathode compartment, graphite felt loaded Pt/C catalyst was used. Graphite felt electrode embedded in the anode compartment was punched holds at regular intervals to prevent occurred the channeling phenomenon. The sources of seeding on microbial fuel cell was used a mixture of swine wastewater and anaerobic digestion sludge(1:1). It was enriched within 6 days. Swine wastewater was fed with 53.26 ml/min flow rate. The MFCs produced a current of about 17 mA stably used swine wastewater with $3,167{\pm}80mg/L$. The maximum power density and current density was 680 $mW/m^3$ and 3,770 $mA/m^3$, respectively. From these results it is showed that treatment of swine wastewater synchronizes with electricity generation using modified low priced microbial fuel cell.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1798-1807
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• 2017

The differentiations in nitrogen-converting activity and microbial community structure between granular size fractions in a continuous completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) reactor, having a superior specific nitrogen removal rate of $0.24g/(g\;VSS{\cdot}h)$, were investigated by batch tests and high-throughput pyrosequencing analysis, respectively. Results revealed that a high dissolved oxygen concentration (>1.8 mg/l) could result in efficient nitrite accumulation with small granules (0.2-0.6 mm in diameter), because aerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (genus Nitrosomonas) predominated therein. Meanwhile, intermediate size granules (1.4-2.0 mm in diameter) showed the highest nitrogen removal activity of $40.4mg/(g\;VSS{\cdot}h)$ under sufficient oxygen supply, corresponding to the relative abundance ratio of aerobic to anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (genus Candidatus Kuenenia) of 5.7. Additionally, a dual substrate competition for oxygen and nitrite would be considered as the main mechanism for repression of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, and the few Nitrospira spp. did not remarkably affect the overall performance of the reactor. Because all the granular size fractions could accomplish the CANON process independently under oxygen limiting conditions, maintaining a diversity of granular size would facilitate the stability of the suspended growth CANON system.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.190-195
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• 2004

A new technology for advanced wastewater treatment was developed using a modified Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) process, named as Rotating Activated Bacillus Contactor (RABC) process that utilizes Bacillus sp., the facultatively anaerobic or activated microaerophilic bacteria on multiple-stage reticular rotating carriers, as a predominant species. The RABC process for a municipal wastewater with relatively low concentrations of organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus showed stable and high removal efficiencies, less than $BOD_5$ 10 mg/L, T-N 15 mg/L, and T-P 1.5 mg/L in final effluent. The performance load of RABC process was shown to be $1.23kg{\cdot}BOD/m^2{\cdot}day$ for the first stage (average $0.31kg{\cdot}BOD/m^2{\cdot}day$ for the total stages) based on both removed BOD and converted disc area corresponding to the reticular one. The sludge produced in the RABC process is characterized by low generation rate (about $0.18kg{\cdot}MLSS/kg{\cdot}BOD$) and excellent settleability. The number ratio of Bacillus ($2.4{\times}10^6CFU/ml$) to heterotrophic bacteria ($3.6{\times}10^7CFU/ml$) inhabiting in the biofilms of the RABC process was 6.7 %, indicating that Bacillus sp. was a predominant species in the biofilms. The RABC process with reticular rotating carriers showed its excellent performance for the advanced wastewater treatment without any offensive odor problem due to organic overloading.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

A fixed biofilm reactor system composed of anaerobic, anoxic(1), anoxic(2), aerobic(1) and aerobic(2) reactor was packed with synthetic activated ceramic (SAC) media and adopted to reduce the inhibition effect of low temperature on nitrification activities. The changes of nitrification activity at different wastewater temperature were investigated through the evaluation of temperature coefficient, volatile attached solid (VAS), specific nitrification rate and alkalinity consumption. Operating temperature was varied from 20 to $5^{\circ}C$. In this biofilm system, the specific nitrification rates of $15^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$ were 0.972, 0.859 and 0.613 when the specific nitrification rate of $20^{\circ}C$ was assumed to 1.00. Moreover the nitrification activity was also observed at $5^{\circ}C$ which is lower temperature than the critical temperature condition for the microorganism of activated sludge system. The specific amount of volatile attached solid (VAS) on media was maintained the range of 13.6-12.5 mg VAS/g media at $20{\sim}10^{\circ}C$. As the temperature was downed to $5^{\circ}C$, VAS was rapidly decreased to 10.9 mg VAS/g media and effluent suspended solids was increased from 3.2 mg/L to 12.0 mg/L due to the detachment of microorganism from SAC media. And alkalinity consumption was lower than theoretical value with 5.23 mg as $CaCO_3$/mg ${NH_4}^+$-N removal at $20^{\circ}C$. Temperature coefficient (${\Theta}$) of nitrification rate ($20^{\circ}C{\sim}5^{\circ}C$) was 1.033. Therefore, this fixed film nitrogen removal process showed superior stability for low temperature condition than conventional suspended growth process.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2011년도 춘계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.219.1-219.1
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• 2011

These studies carried out to know the effect of ammonium on the current generation in the microbial fuel cells (MFCs). MFCs used in the study were enriched with anaerobic digestion sludge and operated for 3 years using artificial wastewater (AWW). When the current was stably generated, ammonium ion with $27.0{\pm}0.0$, $51.5{\pm}0.0$, $103.5{\pm}0.0mg/L$ with acetate fed into the anode compartment. The current values under condition included ammonium were changed from its initial $6.30{\pm}0.06$ to $6.28{\pm}0.36$, $5.95{\pm}0.61$, $5.64{\pm}0.38mA$, respectively. The current value was slightly decreased to $5.64{\pm}0.38mA$ compared to $6.30{\pm}0.06mA$ generated from MFC without ammonium ion in the AWW. But After 3days operating under ammonium concentration with $103.5{\pm}0.0mg/L$, the current was unstably generated when artificial wastewater without ammonium was fed again. MFC enriched with AWW without ammonium ion was inhibited by high concentration of ammonium. At this time, the ammonium was removed 5.27~16.41 mg per day under all conditions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1120-1128
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• 2004

The SCBFC was composed of bilayered cathode, the outside of which was modified with $Fe^{3+}$ (graphite-Fe(III) cathode) and the inside of which was porcelain membrane, and of an anode which was modified with $Mn^{4+}$ (graphite­Mn(lV) anode). The graphite-Fe(III), graphite-Mn(IV), and porcelain membrane were designed to have micropores. The outside of the cathode was exposed to the atmosphere and the inside was contacted with porcelain membrane. In all SCBFCS the graphite-Fe(III) was used as a cathode, and graphite-Mn(IV) and normal graphite were used as anodes, for comparison of the function between normal graphite and graphite-Mn(IV) anode. The potential difference between graphite-Mn(IV) anode and graphite-Fe(III) cathode was about 0.3 volt, which is the source for the electron driving force from anode to cathode. In chemical fuel cells composed of the graphite-Mn(IV) anode and graphite-Fe(III) cathode, a current of maximal 13 mA was produced coupled to oxidation of NADH to $NAD^{+}$ the current was not produced in SCBFC with normal graphite anode. When growing and resting cells of E. coli were applied to the SCBFC with graphite-Mn(IV) anode, the electricity production and substrate consumption were 6 to 7 times higher than in the SCBFC with normal graphite anode, and when we applied anaerobic sewage sludge to SCBFC with graphite-Mn(IV) anode, the electricity production and substrate consumption were 3 to 5 times higher than in the SCBFC with normal graphite anode. These results suggest that useful electric energy might possibly be produced from SCBFC without electron mediators, electrode-active bacteria, and extra energy consumption for the aeration of catholyte, but with wastewater as a fuel.