• 한국자원리싸이클링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2001년도 정기총회 특별강연 및 춘계학술연구발표회(2)
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• pp.129-132
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• 2001

The purpose of this research was to understand possibility of foodwaste treatment by hybrid anaerobic reactor(HAR). The Possibility of methane utility and applicability of hybrid reactor system using foodwaste as substrate was investigated. The maximum loading rate and optimized operational conditions were determined. Hybrid anaerobic reactor was filled with packing material 50% of its total volume between the tube and the outer surface. The packing material used was randomly packed open-pore synthesis activated ceramic(SAC) media as support media for microbial attachment, growth, and chemical stability protected bacteria from effect of organic acid accumulation. In this research, although foodwaste has high concentrations C $l^{[-10]}$ and S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$ concentration the possibility of foodwaste anaerobic treatment was when foodwaste is treated by anaerobic digestion, this study focused on the possibility using C $H_4$ gas made under the anaerobic treatment as an alternative energy source. Other objective of this research is to study struvite formation and crystal forms in anaerobic digester. HAR is used to investigate phosphate crystallization without the addition of chemicals.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.497-502
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• 2012

Anaerobic Digestion Process is evaluated as efficient wastewater treatment process with the removal of high concentrations of organic waste and production of biogas. This study was performed using hybrid anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) which consists of anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) and biofilm-coated filter media was applied for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) for 80 days to know optimum removal efficiency and production of biogas by comparing each part which divided changing Organic Loading Rate (OLR). As a result of this study, the removal efficiency was 90.4 % when the organic loading rate of influent was 15 kg COD/$m^3$/day. Since organic loading rate was up to 20 kg COD/$m^3$/day, the removal rate declined 80.7%. Over loading of influent caused sludge expansion and overproduction of microorganism. Amount of biogas was collected 82.3 L/day and pH was remained 6.9 constantly with balance of alkalinity.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.35-44
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• 1999

In this study, it was attempted to remove nitrate and carbon in a single-stage reactor using acetate as substrate. Hybrid type upflow sludge baffled filter reactor was adopted using anaerobic sludge. Sludge bed in the bottom of reactor was intended to remove carbon and nitrate by denitrification and methanogenesis. And floating media in the upper part of reactor were intended to remove remaining carbon which was not removed due to the inhibition of nitrogen oxide on methane producing bacteria. The reactor removed over 96% of COD and most of nitrate with volumetric loading rate of $4.0kgCOD/m^3{\cdot}day$, hydraulic retention time of 24hr, 4,000mgCOD/L, and $266mgNO_3-N/L$. Nitrate in anaerobic sludge was converted to nitrogen gas(denitrification) or ammonia (ammonification) according to pH of influent, COD removal efficiency was easily affected by the change of volumetric loading rates and nitrate concentration. And when influent pH was about 4.7, most nitrate changed to ammonia while when influent pH was about 6.8~7.0, most nitrate denitrified independent of $COD/NO_3-N$ ratio. Most granules were gray and a few were black. In gray-colored granule, black inner side was covered with gray substance and SEM illustrated Methanoccoci type microorganisms which were compact spherical shape. Anaerobic filter removed residual COD effectively which was left in sludge bed due to the inhibition of nitrogen oxide.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2013

Present study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor (AHR) combined with two types of anaerobic attached growth reactors at mesophilic temperature ($37^{\circ}C$). The reactor was operated at the influent substrate condition of 19,400 mg/L soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD). The organic loading rate (OLR) and flow rate were varied in the range of $9.5{\sim}22.5kg/m^3$. day and 10.6 ~ 26.0 L/day respectively since start-up was done. The COD removal efficiency of 93 % was measured at the OLR of $14kg/m^3$. day in AHR. However a reduction in removal efficiency to as low as 85 % could have been related to a combined effect of high concentration suspended solids (SS) concentration over 3,800 mg/L. On the other hand the total COD removal efficiencies were measured to be 96.3 % and 96.2 % for AHR+APF and AHR+ADF respectively. The pH of the POME was adjusted to neutral range by using sodium bicarbonate at the initial stages of the reactor feed, later stages pH adjustment was not required as the pH was maintained in the desired neutral range due to self-buffering capacity of the reactor. The reactor proved to be economically acceptable and operationally stable. The biogas was measured to have $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ with a ratio of 35:65, and methane gas production rate was estimated to be $0.17{\sim}10.269L\;CH_4/g\;COD_{removed}$.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.971-979
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• 2011

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is the mixed organic wastewater generated from palm oil industry. In this study, kinetic analysis with treating POME in an anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) was performed. Therefore, the AHR was monitored for its performances with respect to the changes of COD concentrations and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Batch tests were performed to find out the substrate removal kinetics by granular sludge from POME. Modified Stover Kincannon, First-order, Monod, Grau second-order kinetic models were used to analyze the performance of reactor. The results from the batch test indicate that the substrate removal kinetics of granular sludge is corresponds to follow Monod's theory. However, Grau second-order model were the most appropriate models for the continuous test in the AHR. The second order kinetic constant, saturation value constant, maximum substrate removal rate, and first-order kinetic constant were 2.60/day, 41.905 g/L-day, 39.683 g/L-day, and 1.25/day respectively. And the most appropriate model was Grau second-order kinetic model comparing the model prediction values and measured COD concentrations of effluent, whereas modified Stover-Kincannon model showed the lowest correlation.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.64-75
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• 2005

2005.1.1부터 직 매립 금지 이후 음식물쓰레기를 처리하는 데 있어 많은 사회적 문제가 대두되고 있다. 그리고 우리나라의 경우 전국 음식물쓰레기 배출량이 11,398ton/day('03)으로 상당히 많은 양이 배출되고 있으며, 주로 음식물쓰레기는 매립, 소각, 사료나 퇴비로 재활용하는 방법으로 처리하고 일부 음식물쓰레기는 혐기성으로 처리 하는 방법이 사용되어 왔다. 이 중 혐기성 처리는 유용한 메탄가스를 발생하여 에너지로 사용가능 하다. 본 연구에서는 pH가 낮고 많은 양의 유기물과 고형물을 함유하고 있어 1단 혐기성 처리시 운전에 영향을 줄 것으로 예상되는 음식물쓰레기의 1단 혐기성처리 가능성 및 혐기성 처리시 메탄가스를 이용하여 에너지로서 사용 가능성에 대해 알아보고자 연구를 실시 하였다. 처리시간과 비용을 절감하기 위해 산형성조를 거치지 않고 반 고형물의 유입시 부유물로 인해 발생될 수 있는 plugging와 channeling 현상을 방지하기 위해 USAB(up flow anaerobic sludge blank)의 장점과 낮은 pH의 음식물 쓰레기의 유입시 미생물에 미칠 수 있는 충격을 최소화 할 수 있는 AE(anaerobic filter)장점을 조합하여 환형유공 지지막속에 그레뉼을 충진시킨 Hybrid Anaerobic Reactor(HAR)를 제작하여 실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구에 앞서 음식물쓰레기의 혐기성 생분해도 실험을 실시하여 혐기성처리가능성을 검토하였으며 실험결과 첨가된 VS량당 총 누적메탄량은 $0.471(m^{3}/\cal{kg}\;VS)$로 원소 분석하여 얻은 이론 메탄발생량 $0.58(m^{3}/\cal{kg}\;VS)$의 $81.2\%$를 나타냈으며 유기물 분해속도 상수는 $0.18(d^{-1})$로 혐기성 처리가 가능하다는 사전 연구 결론을 도출하였다. 연구 결과, 낮은 pH인 음식물 쓰레기를 처리시 산발효조를 거치지 않고도 혐기성 처리가 가능하였으며, 높은 농도로 존재하는 유기물 및 고형물의 처리효율은 매우 양호했고 또한 인의 제거율도 높게 나타났다. 연구결과를 토대로 전국 음식물쓰레기(11,398ton/d)를 대상으로 에너지를 산출하면 Braun에너지 환산계수 $5.97kwh/m3(60\%\;CH_{4})$를 적용할 때 우리나라의 1일 음식물에서 발생되는 에너지 총량은 6,727MWh로 환산될 수 있으며 이는 유기물(COD)당 발생되는 메탄 가스량을 에너지원으로 사용하기에 충분히 가능하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과에 의하면 고농도의 유기물이 함유된 음식물쓰레기는 Hybrid Anaerobic Reactor (HAR)를 이용하여 HRT 30일 정도에서 충분히 직접 혐기성처리가 가능하며, 이때 발생된 $CH_{4}$를 회수하여 이용하면 대체에너지원으로 활용 가치가 높은 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.737-743
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• 1999

A conventional thermophilic anaerobic digester was converted into a thermophilic high-rate hybrid anaerobic reactor (THAR) for treating distillery wastewater. The THAR has been operating successfully since May 1995 at a loading rate of 5.45 to $11.52{\;}kg/\textrm{m}^3/d$ (maximum of 15.02). The THAR has demonstrated a soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (sCOD) removal efficiency of 85 to 91% and a total COD (tCOD) removal efficiency of as much as 72 to 84%. Product gas had a methane content of 59 to 68%. The tCOD removal rates were 4.31 to 5.43, 6.26 to 6.89, and 9.03 to $9.78kg{\;}tCOD/\textrm{m}^3/d$ for tapioca, com, and naked-barley wastewater, respectively. The sCOD removal rates ranged from 3.75 to 4.79,3.28 to 4.89, and 5.57 to 6.21kg $sCOD/\textrm{m}^3/d$ for tapioca, com, and naked-barley wastewater, respectively. There were unknown substances in a naked-barley distillery wastewater that were identified as being toxic for microorganisms. However, the THAR treated naked-barley wastewater continuously for 26 days, operating at an average tCOD loading of $11.08{\;}kg/\textrm{m}^3/d$without any signs of deterioration in either COD removal efficiency or gas production rate. During this period, the average removal efficiencies of tCOD and sCOD were 84% and 91%, respectively, and the gas production rate averaged 6.61 to $7.57{\;}\textrm{m}^3/\textrm{m}^3$ reactor/d which produced 0.57 to $0.69{\;}\textrm{m}^3{\;}biogas/kg{\;}tCOD_{rem}$. From tapioca and com wastewater, the reactor showed an average gas production rate of 3.18 to 3.46 and 4.91 to $5.22{\;}\textrm{m}^3/\textrm{m}^3$ reactor/d which produced 0.53 to 0.69 and 0.62 to $0.71{\;}\textrm{m}^3/kg{\;}tCOD_{rem}$, respectively.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1935-1944
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 하부가 활성탄 유동상이고 상부가 플라스틱 충전상인 혐기성 혼성 반응조에서 활성탄충의 유동을 위한 내부순환수의 인출지점이 폐수처리 효율에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 순환수 인출지점이 유동상 위(R1 반응조) 또는 충전상 위(R2 반응조)에 위치하는 2개의 반응조에 인공폐수를 주입하여 실험을 수행하였다. 연구 결과, $6.2kg\; COD/m^3-day$의 유기물부하(OLR)까지는 R2 반응조의 COD 제거효율이 85.0-95.2%로, R1 반응조보다 좋았으나 그 차이는 크지 않았으며, 그 이상의 OLR에서는 두 반웅조의 COD 제거효율이 크게 악화되었는데 R2 반응조보다 R1 반응조에서 그 경향이 더 심하였다. R2 반응조가 R1 반응조 보다 대략 2배의 넓은 OLR 영역에서 안정적으로 운전되었는데 R2 반응조의 최대 메탄생성량은 $13.3kg\;COD/m^3-day$의 OLR에서$5.5kg\;COD/m^3-day$이었다. 또한 R1 반응조에서는 $6.2kg \;COD/m^3-day$ 이상의 OLR에서, 그리고 R2 반응조에서는 $7.1kg\; COD/m^3-day$ 이상의 OLR에서 처리수의 유기산 농도가 크게 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 그 경향은 R1 반응조에서 더 현저하였다. 결론적으로 활성탄충의 유동을 위한 내부순환수의 인출지점에 따라 반응조가 처리가능한 유기물 부하 범위가 달라졌는데, 유기물 부하가 높을수록 내부순환수의 인출지점을 반응조 부피 전체를 이용할 수 있도록 충전상의 상부에 위치시키는 것이 더 바람직한 것으로 판단되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.196-206
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• 2000

Methanogenesis and denitrification in an upflow sludge baffled filter (UBF) reactor were studied using glucose as a fermentative substrate. Experiments were carried out to investigate how to reduce ammonification by changing alkalinity and $COD/NO_3-N$ ratio. Characteristics of granular sludges were examined by specifics methanogenic activity(SMA) and specific denitrification rate(SDR) tests. Microstructures of granules were examined using a scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It was found that COD was removed efficiently owing to the diverse microorganisms. In nitrate conversion, not only $COD/NO_3-N$ ratio but also influent alkalinity played important role in the ratio of denitrification and ammonification of nitrate. This reactor achieved over 95% COD and 99% nitrate removal efficiencies when influent contained 4000 mgCOD/L and $700mgNO_3-N/L$ at the hydraulic retention time of 24 hours. As $COD/NO_3-N$ ratio decreased, granular methanogenic activities using acetate and butyrate as substrates increased while activities using propionate and glucose decreased. There were three types in granules according to the surface color; gray, yellowish gray, and black. Gray or yellowish gray-colored granules were composed two layers, which were composed of black inner side and gray or yellowish gray surface substances. SEM illustrated that both were rod-type and cocci-type microorganisms resembling Methanothrix sp. and Methanococci sp. This study showed that by controlling the influent alkalinity and $COD/NO_3-N$ ratio, ammonification and denitrification could be manipulated.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.542-548
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• 2005

부착 미생물을 이용한 다공성 담체 유동상 반응기는 하폐수중의 유기물 및 질소제거에 많이 적용되어져 왔다. 특히 생물막이 형성된 담체에서는 호기, 무산소 그리고 혐기영역이 공존하여 동시적 질산화/탈질 반응에 의한 질소제거에 유리한 환경이 제공된다고 알려져 있다. 이러한 반응을 활성화시키기 위해서는 담체표면과 내부에서 산소와 유기물등의 적절한 기질확산이 이루어져야 한다. 그러나 하폐수중의 유기물농도나 생물막의 마찰조건등 운전조건에 따라서는 표면에서의 종속영양균의 과잉성장에 의해 질소 제거 반응이 저해되기도 한다. 다공성 담체 유동상 반응기에 막모듈을 결합시킨 하이브리드 반응기는 단일조내에서 활성화된 동시적 질산화/탈질 반응으로 종래의 유동상 반응기에 비해 30% 이상 질소제거 효율이 증가하였다. 미소전극 연구를 통해 담체내부의 탈질율을 조사할 수 있으며 유동상 반응기에 비하여 하이브리드 반응기내 담체내부에서는 탈질반응에 대한 유기물의 확산에 대한 제한인자가 작으며 따라서 보다 높은 탈질율을 유지할 수 있음을 보였다.