Though it has been widely known the nitrogen effects are influenced by soils, varieties, and mineral nutrients in the rice culture, few analyses in relation to the factors increasing nitrogen effect have been studied in Korea. The effects of potassium and silica on the factors increasing nitrogen effects in paddy soils were investigated in accordance with soil improvement practices and nitrogen application methods for the cultivated varieties. The results obtained are as follows. 1. For 413 paddy fields, the yield from soils without nitrogen application ranged from 200 to 850kg/10a and that from nitrogen application did 350 to 1,051kg/10a. The yield increament by nitrogen application varied 50 to 650kg/10a depending on soils. 2. Soil chemical characteristics for high yield were different between with nitrogen and without nitrogen application. In the without nitrogen application, however, contents of organic matter, phosphorous, potassium and calcium of high yield soils were lower than those of low yield, while the available silica content was higher in the former. 3. The yield increased with nitrogen application up to 22.4kg/10a and thereafter it decreased. These phenomena were supposed to be not be decrease of nitrogen uptake but by lowered silica uptake. 4. Clay soil incorporation, deep plough, and inorganic constituents control such as Ca, Mg, and $Sio_2$ were effective as soil improvement praitices. It was appeared that increases of silica content and Ca/Mg ratio were important to increase nitrogen effects. 5. For the correlation between yield and yield components, it was high between yield and panicle in low nitrogen level and so was it between grain yield and ripening rate in high nitrogen. 6. In the urea and super granule urea application plot, recovery rate of nitrogen by plant and soil was high and yield was remarkable high. 7. Regardless of fertilizer types such as ammonium sulfate and urea, the residual nitrogen was about 4kg/10a in both plots of 5.8 and 11.6kg/10a. N applied. 8. The potassium application to soil enhanced the nitrogen efficiency. It was more effective in low potassium soil. 9. Optimum pH value for gel formation in the 4% sodium silicate solution was approximately 6.6. 10. It was suggested that silica could affect to rice plant growth as the inorganic and organic chemical components.
In this study, enzymatic saccharification of substrates from Alnus hirsuta Ruper (8-14 years). Quercus acutissima Carruthers, Betula platyphylla var. japonica Nera, Populus euramericana Guiner and Platanus orientalis L. were investigated using crude cellulase preparations of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374, and conduced on the optimum treated conditions of the cellulase sacchrification and reactivation of residue of digested substrates. The Trichoderma viride cellulase was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate. The method of dilignification from wood (5 species) was treated by the peracetic acid(PA) method. The reducing sugar was determined by the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. 1. The results of tests carried out for 96 hr. (Figure 1), show conclusively the initial substrates from 5 species ($S_3$) which has been rendered highly reactive form and the mean rate of reducing sugar was 28.3 %. 2. The results of tests carried out for 96 hr., the reactivation of residue of digested substrates (improvement in the quality of the substrate through preheating in air at $190^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. followed by milling was (60 mesh size) at the same substrate level, increased concentrations of cellulase at the same substrate level, and increased concentrations of cellulase increases the rate of hydrolysis considerably. 3. Figure 1. shows conclusively that the residue of digested substrates ($S_1$ dried at $60^{\circ}C$) which has been rendered extremly resistant to cellulase action can be reactivated into a highly reactive form ($S_2$), almost comparable to that of the initial substrates ($S_3$). And the reducing sugar formation did not show statistically significent differences at 5% levels by initial substrates and the residue of digested substrates (preheating in air at $190^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. fallowed by milling was (60 mesh size).
Kim, Seung Yeol;Chung, Hai Jung;Kim, Seung Kyeom;Shin, Cheol Seung
Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
/
v.16
no.2
/
pp.225-238
/
1989
These studies were conducted to investigate the extraction, purification and characterization of oriental pear (Niitaka. Pyrus pyrifolia Nak.) protease, and the results obtained were as follows: 1. Oriental pear protease was effectively extracted by the method of homogenizing pear pulp with 0.7 volume of 0.1M-sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.5 containing 5mM-cysteine, 40mM-2-mercaptoethanol and 2mM-EDTA at 10,000 rpm for 5 min. 2. The protease was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex G-100 filtration and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography, and the purified enzyme gave a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 3. The specific activity of purified enzyme was 29.65 unit/mg protein and the yield was 7.22%. 4. The moecular weight of the protease was estimated to be about 51,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the enzyme had Km value of 54.5 mg/ml for casein. 5. The purified enzyme had a maximum activity at pH 6.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, and was stable from pH 5.5-6.5 and at temperatures below $50^{\circ}C$ 6. Casein was a better substrate for this protease compared to hemoglobin. 7. The enzyme activity was markedly inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and heavy metal salts such as $HgCl_2$ and $MnSO_4$ also considerably inhibited the enzyme activity.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) using crude and affinity-purified antigens of adult worms of Paragonimus westermani was performed for infected cat sera with different worm burden, from preinfection to 18th week after infection. Crude antigen was used with supernatant of homogenated worms by freezing-thawing method, and the supernate was centrifuged for 1 hour at 10,000 rpm at $4^{\circ}C$. Affinity-purified antigen(antibody-bound antigen) was prepared from fractions(bound and unbound) of crude antigen by affinity chromatography on CNBr-activated sepharose 4B, and IgG as a ligand was prepared from paragonimiasis cat serum(6 months infected) obtained by ammonium sulfate ($40%{\sim}45%$ saturated) precipitation method. By SDS-PAGE, crude antigen showed 22 polypeptide fractions while purified antigen showed 4 fractions: 36, 400, 34, 700, 27, 600 and 11, 500 in molecular weights. All cats were divided into five groups($G_1-G_5$) by different worm burdens. The mean of recovered worms(${\pm}SD$) and the number of cats in each group are as follows: $G_1$, 2 worms(0) and 4 cats; $G_2$, 4.75 (${\pm}0.66$) and eight; $G_3$, 10.75(${\pm}1.92$) and four; $G_4$, 23.20(${\pm}3.43$) and five; $G_5$, 48(${\pm}12.63$) and five cats. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The antibody levels(OD value) increased by worm burden in $G_1$ to $G_4$ generally. However, individual antibody levels were not exactly related with worm burden in all groups, especially there was a wide difference in $G_4$ and $G_5$. These results suggested that the worm burden in $G_4$ (about $20{\sim}30$ worms) is enough to produce antibody maximum in cats of $2{\sim}3kg$ weight. 2. The antibody levels increased significantly(p<0.05) compared to control sera at the 3rd week in $G_1$ and $G_2$, at the 2nd week in $G_3$, and at the 1st week in $G_4$ and $G_5$. Especially in the 4th week, OD value increased more in $G_1$(p<0.01) and in $G_2$ to $G_5$(p<0.001). In the pattern of antibody levels by ELISA in each group, OD in $G_1$ increased to the 18th week continuously, in $G_2$ OD was maintained same after the 16th week, but in $G_3$ it decreased after the 16th week, and it was maintained same in $G_4$ and $G_5$ after the 14th week. 3. The antibody levels by ELISA with the affinity-purified antigen were higher than those with crude antigen in all groups generally. Especially, the difference of OD values between two antigens was larger from the 4th to the 10th week. In $G_1$ and $G_2$ OD with purified antigen was higher than that with crude one to the 18th week. It was also higher in $G_3$ than that with crude antigen to the 16th week and OD of $G_4$ and $G_5$ were higher before the 14th week than that with crude antigen, however became lower at the 16th week. Consequently, the antibody level in ELISA with affinity-purified antigen was more sensitive at the early weeks after infection and in light infection groups than that with crude antigen.
Artificial acid rain(pH2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) was treated on the seeded pots of 4 species to examine its effects on germination, leaf injury and seedling growth. Aluminum ammonium sulfate solution (0.5, 1.0 and 2.5mM) and artificial acid rain (pH3.0, 4.0 and 5.0) were treated on the seeded germinators of 3 species to examine its effects on germination and radicle growth. Artificial acid rain was prepared by diluting sulfuric acid with ground water and ground water(pH6.5) was used as control. Artificial acid rain was sprayed to seeded pots three times per week. About 5mm of artificial acid rain was treated each time from early April to early October, 1991. Germination, seedling establishment, radicle growth, leaf injury and seedling growth were measured and compared among the treatments. The results were summarized as follows 1. Germination, seedling establishment rate of Pinus densiflora were highest on the pH5.0 pot whereas those of Ailanthus altissima was highest on the control pot, and those of Magnolia sieboldii showed the highest value on the pH3.0 pot. 2. The differences in seedling height of Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida were significant among the treatment levels of acid rain, whereas those of Magnolia sieboldii and Ailanthus altissima were not significant. Seedling heights of Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida were highest on the pH3.0 pot, and that of Magnolia sieboldii was highest on the pH4.0 pot, and that of Ailanthus altissima was highest on the control pot. 3. Seedling dry weights of Pinus densiflora. Pinus rigida, and Ailanthus altissima differed significantly among the treatments, but that of Magnolia sieboldii did not differ. Highest seedling dry weights of Magnolia sieboldii and Ailanthus altissima were observed on the pH4.0 pot, and that of Pinus densiflora was observed on the pH3.0 pot, and that of Pinus rigida was observed on the pH5.0 pot. 4. With decrease of pH value of artificial acid rain, the number of injured needle and injured individual tended to be increased. 5. The differences in effects of soil acidity were highly significant among the treatments for all species. 6. Radicle growth of Pinus densiflora differed significantly among pH levels and aluminum concentrations.
Purpose: SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease, characterized by various autoantibody. The detection of Anti double-stranded DNA (Anti-ds DNA) is important in the diagnostics of SLE, and include the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) diagnostic criteria for SLE. Also SLE disease activity and correlativity with the level Anti-ds DNA antibody have been reported and Anti-ds DNA antibody quantitative test is very useful for tracing before and after SLE treatment. When These Anti-ds DNA antibody test (Farr assay: $^{125}I$ labeled ds-DNA and bound Anti-ds DNA antibodies complex in serum is precipitated by ammonium sulfate and used to centrifugation, measured it) inhaled supernatant after centrifugation, a lipemic specimen does not facilitate the formation of precipitate and also occurs situation was inhaled with precipitate. To solve these problems, The Influence of the degree of lipemic specimen was evaluated. Materials and Methods: September 2012 to February 2013, We selected lipemic samples (n=81) of specimen commissioned by Anti-ds DNA antibody test. Lipemic samples were done pre-treatment (high-speed centrifugation: 14,000 rpm 5 mins) used a micro-centrifuge (Eppendorf Model 5415D). At the same time lipemic specimen and pre-treatment samples were performed Anti-ds DNA antibody test (Anti-ds DNA kit, Trinity Biotech, Ireland). Statistical analysis were analyzed Pearson's correlation coefficients and regression and paired t-test, and Difference (%). Results: Experimental group 1 (Lipemic Specimen Anti-ds DNA Ab concentration ${\leq}7IU/mL$) at y=0.368X+4.732, $R^2=0.023$, Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.154, paired t-test (P=0.003), Difference (%) mean 65.7 and showed a statistically significant difference. Experimental group 2 (Lipemic Specimen Anti-ds DNA Ab concentration ${\geq}8IU/mL$) at y=0.983X+0.298, $R^2=0.994$, Pearson's correlation coefficient showed 0.997, paired t-test (P=0.181), Difference (%) mean -5.53 made no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Lipemic sample of low Anti-ds DNA Ab concentration (2.5-7 IU/mL) and the result is obtained pre-treatment (high-speed centrifugation: 14,000 rpm 5 mins) were made a significant difference statistically. Anti-ds DNA is one of the primary auto-antibodies present in patients with SLE, and remain an important diagnostic test for SLE. Therefore, we recommend preprocessing (high-speed centrifugation: 14,000 rpm 5 mins) in order to exclude the influence of lipemic specimen.
The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
/
v.21
no.4
/
pp.487-501
/
1986
Previous studies from our laboratory suggested that Korean LJP patients might habor A. actinomycetemcomitans of different serotype from Caucasian LJP patients in whom serotype b was predominant. In order to observe the prevalence and serotype distribution of A. actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis patients and to evaluate leukotoxic activity of oral isolates, this study was performed. A. actinomycetemcomitans was isolated by using a selective medium(tryptic soy agar supplemented with 10% serum, $75{\mu}g$ of bacitracin and $5{\mu}g$ of vancomycin per ml). Using immunoabsorbed, ammonium sulfate-fractionated serotype-specific antisera, a total of 69 strains were serologically categorized by ELISA. Leukotoxicity was monitored biochemically by measuring lactate dehydrogenase indicator of cell viability in culture supernatant of PMNL plus viable A. actinomycetemcomitans mixture. The results were as follows: 1. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 75% of 16 LJP patients, and 71% in the LJP lesions and 6% in the control sites. 2. Presence or absence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in the sampled disease sites has no in fluence on clinical measurements. 3. Three serotypes were approximately equally distributed in overall 9 patients. Three patients harbored 2 different serotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans in the same disease site or different disease sites. 4. The proportion of leukotoxic oral isolates was 22% of a total of 46 strains and the prevalence was 69% in 13 sampled sites. The same disease site could harbor both leukotoxic and nonleukotoxic strains. 5. Distribution of leukotoxic strains in 3 serotypes were not different.
Kim, Chan Jo;Park, Yoon Joong;Lee, Seuk Keun;Oh, Man Jin
Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
/
v.7
no.2
/
pp.169-175
/
1980
These studies were conducted to induce the available mutant strains in acetic acid bacteria by the irradiation of UV-light and the treatment of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N'-nitrosoguanidine. 109 strains which were capable of producing acid in the ethanol containing medium were isolated from vinegar and Kimchi collected from the region of Daejeon city. From the collection T-50 strain was identified to have a strong fermentation power and selected as a mother strain for the study. Two mutants were obtained by treating T-50 strain with UV and NTG, and these mutants had a rapid acid production in the initial stage. The study was then made to compare the basic condition for acetic acid production of the mother strain and two mutant strains. The summarized results were as follows; 1. The isolated strain (T-50) was identified as Acetobacter aceti by Bergey's manual and Acetic acid bacteria (Tokyo Univ. press). 2. The selected strain was died completely when the strain was irradiated with 15 W UV-light at a distance of 45 cm for 160 seconds. 3. The mutants such as U-48 and N-67 were rapid in the acetic acid production at the initial stage compare to the mother strain. 4. Acetic acid formation by the shaking culture method was maximized in 2 days culture, and the optimal temperature for acetic acid production was $30^{\circ}C$. 5. Acetic acid was effectively produced by the addition of 0.1% ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source and was also produced rapidly by the addition of 0.1% glucose.
D-Tagatose production from D-galactose was investigated using 35 type strains of American Culture Type Collection (ATCC) and Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC) which have potential to produce D-tagatose. Enterobacter agglomerans ATCC 27987 was selected as a D-tagatose producing strain due to its short fermentation time and high production of D-tagatose. Optimization of the culture conditions for D-tagatose production by E. agglomerans ATCC 27987 was performed. Among various carbon sources, D-galactose was the most effective carbon source for D-tagatose production. As the D-galactose concentration was increased, cell growth and D-tagatose production increased. Effect of nitrogen sources on D-tagatose production was studied. Of inorganic nitrogen sources, ammonium sulfate was effective one for D-tagatose production and yeast extract was the most suitable organic nitrogen nutrient. The concentrations of inorganic compounds such as KH$_2$PO$_4$, K$_2$HPO$_4$, and MgSO$_4$$.$7H$_2$O were also optimized for D-tagatose production. The optimal medium was determined to contain D-galactose of 20 g/l, yeast extract of 5.0 g/l, (NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$ of 2.0 g/l, KH$_2$PO$_4$ of 5.0 g/l, K$_2$HPO of 5.0 g/l, and MgSO$_4$$.$7H$_2$O of 5 mg/l. The optimal environmental conditions in a 250-$m\ell$ flask were found to be pH of 6.0, temperature of 30$^{\circ}C$, and agitation speed of 150 rpm. D-tagatose of 0.41 g/l could be obtained in 24 h from 20 g/l D-galactose at the optimal culture condition without induction and cell concentration.
In this study, enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate of the waste wood of Cortinellus edodes was investigated using crude cellulase preparation of Trichoderma viride Pers. ex. Fr. SANK 16374. The crude cellulase was produced by the submerged culture process and produced in the culture fluid was salted out quantitatively by the use of ammonium sulfate. Reducing sugar was determined by the dinitrosalisylic acid (DNS) method. 1. The chemical composition of the waste wood was crude protein 2.26%, c. fat 2.57%, c. fibre 44.60%, c. ash 5.58% and lignin 13.62%. In amino acid composition, no cystine and methionine was showed, but trace amount of Vitamin A, $B_1$, and $B_2$, niacine and chloride were detected. (Table 1) 2. As heat treatment of the substrate was found to produce the highest reducing sugar yield being reacted for 48hr. with T.v cellulase, the substrate was heated to $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. either before or immediately after milling. 3. The substrate heated and ball milled at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. the reducing sugar yield reached to 11.5%. 4. The substrate without any treatment was found to produce the highest reducing sugar yield being reacted 72hr. with T. v cellulase, the reducing sugar yield reached to 10.1%. 5. The rate of reducing sugar per each treated substrate was decreased by the order of the substrated, heated and then ball milled at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. (11.5%)> without any treatment (10.1)> ball milled and heated at $190{\pm}5^{\circ}C$. for 45 min. (6.9%). 6. Saccharification of waste wood has been shown to be possible by heat treated and milling the substrate in contact with cellulase. And it is likely to be recommended that the waste wood may be valuable for raw materials of saccharification.
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