• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2009

The cytokines which is produced by allergen-specific T helper (Th) cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Asthma is caused by exaggerated T-helper 2 (Th2)-based immune responses. It is suggested that controlling such Th2-based response is necessary for asthma therapy. The current therapies for asthma focus primarily on control of symptoms and suppression of inflammation, without affecting the underlying cause. So, we examined that anti-asthmatic drugs might have play a certain role in Th2/Th1 balance. Splenocytes isolated from ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice cultured with anti-asthmatic drugs. It is well known that Th2 and Th1 immune responses can balance one another, as Th2 mediators suppress Th1 responses and Th1 mediators similarly inhibit Th2 responses. But salmeterol inhibits both of Th1 and Th2 mediators, which salmeterol is a suppressor of immune responses not only a suppressor of Th2-based immune responses. Aminophylline is a weak suppressor of immune responses. But ipratropium and cromoglycate don't have any suppressor effect to Th2-driven responses. They only have suppressor effect to Th1 immune responses. Salmeterol, ipratropium, aminophylline, and cromoglycate augmented mRNA levels of CRTH2, EP2, and IP2 receptors in OVA-sensitized splenocytes. It is well known that the up-regulation of CRTH2 - $PGD_2$ receptor - results in restraint of eosinophil recruitment and that the increment of IP and EP2 - $PGI_2$ and $PGE_2$ receptor, respectively - may induce the accumulation of cAMP that decrease the effector function of T cells. Moreover salmeterol and cromoglycate increase the mRNA expression of $PGD_2$ synthase. These findings indicate that anti-asthma agents may alleviate the immunological responses that cause the asthmatic diseases.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1988

In order to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in Koreans, doses of 4.5 to 5.0 mg/kg of theophylline, as injectable aminophylline, were administered to 12 normal young volunteers (male, 22 to 35 yrs;mean, 26 yrs) through intravenous infusion over 30 minutes, and pharmacokinetics of theophylline were tested. Among subjects, six were nonsmokers and the other were smokers (range 1 to 2 packs/day). Also the correlations between plasma and saliva theophylline concentrations were investigated by determining the concentrations of theophylline in saliva simultaneously at each plasma sampling time. The total body clearances of theophylline in smokers (Mean${\pm}$SD, 0.0578${\pm}$0.0092 L/hr/kg)were appreciably higher than thoxe of nonsmokers (Mean${\pm}$SD, 0.0359${\pm}$0.0063 L/hr/kg), and the half-lives of theophylline in smokers averaged 5.36${\pm}$1.22hr, and significantly shorter than those of nonsmokers which averaged 9.14${\pm}$1.73hrs(p<0.005). But the apparent volumes of distribution of theophylline did not show any significant difference between smokers (Mean${\pm}$SD,0.44 ${\pm}$0.05L/kg) and nonsmokers (Mean${\pm}$SD, 0.46${\pm}$0.05L/kg). The average concentration ratios in saliva and plasma were 0.61 in smokers and 0.56 in nonsmokers after 2 hrs following drug administrations, and the smoker group had a slightly higher value of ratio(S/P) than the nonsmoker group (p<0.05). The correlations between saliva and plasma theophylline concentration in smokers were r=0.852(p<0.0005) within 2 hr and r=0.985(p<0.0005) after 2 hrs and also those of nonsmokers were r=0.729(p<0.0005) within 2 hrs and r=0.957(p<0.0005) after 2 hrs starting the infusion. From the results, it was found that smoking cigarettes had significantly increased the clearance of theophylline and that the relationships between saliva and plasma theophylline concentrations in all subjects were better after 2 hrs than within 2 hrs starting the infusion of aminophlline.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.483-487
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• 2012

Primary and metastatic tumors involving the heart are relatively uncommon in dogs. In this study, we provide the echocardiographic diagnosis of intracardiac masses in 2 Yorksire terrier dogs. In the first case, the mass was attached between ascending aorta and pulmonary artery and caused moderate aortic regurgitation and moderate left ventricular dilation. The case was graded into ISACHC II heart failure. The dog was treated with common cardiac medications (i.e. furosemide, enalapril, pimobendan) and oral chemotherapeutic agent (i.e. lomustine). In the second case, the mass was occupied 2/3 of the left atrium and caused marked dilation of left atrium and severe mitral regurgitation (~5 m/s), but not severe congestive heart failure (ISACHC Ib). Although the nature of progression of the mass was likely to cardiac myxoma, the biopsy was not performed due to the owner's refusal. The dog was currently treated with cardiac medications (i.e. ramipril, clopidogrel) and bronchodilator (i.e. aminophylline). Those two dogs are still survived and are currently regularly checked.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cimetidine on theophylline pharmacokinetics in Korean healthy normal subjects. Eight subjects were enrolled and open label, two period cross-over study was conducted without significant drug related adverse reactions. Cimetidine seemed that significantly inhibited the metabolism of theophylline, oral clearance decreased significantly when cimetidine was coadministered. Coadministered cimetidine increased $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ of theophylline. All subjects were genotyped using PCR-RFLP methods to evaluate the differences in metabolic capacity in accordance with CYP1A2 genotypes, but no mutant genotype was found. This suggests that metabolic capacities were not significantly affected by CYP1A2 genotypes among subjects. In conclusion, disposition of theophylline was significantly affected by coadministered cimetidine. Further evaluation with well-designed drug interaction study in accordance with various genotype of CYP1A2 is needed.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.250-258
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• 1998

Purpose: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a potent coronary vasodilator with a rapid onset of action and a very short half-life. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with intravenous ATP has not yet been sufficiently proven in the diagnosis, follow-up, and risk stratification of coronary artery disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of pharmacologic stress thallium-201 myocardial SPECT using an intra-venous ATP infusion in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Materials and Methods: Thallium-201 myocardial SPECT in 319 patients with suspected coronary artery disease were performed after the infusion of ATP (0.08 mg/kg/min for 6 min). The adverse effects were carefully monitored. Coronary angiography was also performed within 3 weeks. Results: Although 76.5% of the patients had some adverse effects, they were transient, mild, and well tolerated. In all patients, the ATP infusion protocol was completed and only 2 patients required aminophylline. The adverse effects were dyspnea in 63%, headache in 31%, flushing in 21%, chest pain in 14% and abdominal discomfort in 5% of the patients. The sensitivity and specificity were 80% and 90% respectively. Conclusion: Thallium-201 myocardial SPECT after 6 min-infusion of ATP at a rate of 0.08 mg/kg/min is safe and has a diagnostic value in detecting coronary artery disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2020

The emergence of the flow-through cell (FTC) method has made up for the limitations of previous dissolution test methods, but the high cost of the FTC dissolution devices have seriously hindered the progression of research and application of the FTC. This new design uses a peristaltic pump to simulate the sinusoidal flow rate of a piston pump. The flow profile of each peristaltic pump was sinusoidal with a pulsation of 120 ± 1 pulses per minute, and the flow rate ranged from 1.0 - 36.0 mL/min. The flow control of each channel was adjusted independently so the flow errors of the seven channels were close to 2%. The structure of the system was simplified, and the cost was reduced through manual sampling and immersing the FTC in a water bath. The dissolution rate of the theophylline and aminophylline films was determined, and good experimental results were obtained.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.99-102
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• 1978

Several kinds of medicinal plants are used as diuretics in folk medicines and oriental drugs. The diuretic action of water extracts of the ten kinds of crude drugs, such as Pachyma hoelen $R_{UMPHIUS}$ Zea mays L., Akebia quinata $D_{ECAISNE}$, Alisma orientale Juzepezuk, Atractylodes koreana $N_{AKAI}$, phytolacca americana L., Achyranthes japo-nica $N_{AKAI}$, Juncus decipiens $N_{AKAI}$, Prunella asiatica $N_{AKAI}$ and Artemisia capillaris $T_{HUNBERG}$ was examined in mouse and compared with aminophylline as a control the following results were obtained. The urine volume was found to be remarkably increased by the Pachyma hoelen RUMPHIUS, Phytolacca americana L., Prunella asiatica $N_{AKAI}$ and Artemisia capillaris $T_{HUNBERG}$, moderately increased by the Akebia quinata $D_{ECAISNE}$, Achyranthes japonica $N_{AKAI}$ and Juncus decipiens $N_{AKAI}$, and slightly increased by Zea mays $L_{ENNE}$, Alisma orientale $J_{UZFPEZUK}$ and Atractylodes koreana $N_{AKAI}$.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2011

Purpose: Packing the nose is a common procedure after the closed reduction of a nasal bone fracture to prevent postoperative complications, such as bleeding and adhesion formation as well as to stabilize the framework of the nasal bone. On the other hand, it is difficult for a patient to endure nasal packing because of breathing difficulties, headaches, chest discomfort, insomnia, general weakness and hypoxia. This study examined the availability of a bronchodilator to improve the decreased oxygen saturation and postoperative symptoms on nasal packing. Methods: From February, 2010 to July, 2010, a prospective randomized comparison of the incidence of a range of postoperative signs and symptoms was conducted on 60 patients, who did (n=30) and did not (n=30) undergo bronchodilator infusion (aminophylline 250 mg/10 mL + normal saline 100 mL IV qd) following nasal packing. The postoperative symptoms and oxygen saturation in the two groups were compared. Results: Patients who had infused the bronchodilator showed improved oxygen saturation. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in the postoperative uncomfortable symptoms (dyspnea, headache, chest discomfort, insomnia, general weakness) between the two groups. Conclusion: A bronchodilator after nasal packing improves oxygen saturation by dilating the airway tract but it cannot reduce the uncomfortable symptoms caused by nasal obstruction. Overall, the bronchodilator is a useful medication for improving the level of oxygen saturation.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1999

The object of this work was to study the pharmacokinetic differences and the cause of these differences in cirrhotic rats induced by N,N-dimethylnitrosamine or carbon tetrachloride treatment when aminophylline (8 mg/kg as theophylline, i.v.) was injected. The concentrations of theophylline and its major metabolite (1,3-dimethyluric acid) in plasma were determined by HPLC. In addition, formation of 1,3-dimethyluric acid from theophylline in microsomes was determined. In cirrhotic rats, the systemic clearance of theophylline was reduced to $17\%$ of the control value while AUC (area under the plasma concentration-time curve) and $(t_{1/2})_{\beta}$ were increased to about 6 fold and 10 fold, respectively. The formation of 1,3-dimethyluric acid was decreased to $33-41\%$ of the control value in microsomes of cirrhotic rat liver. From these results, it can be concluded that in cirrhotic rats induced by N,N-dimethylnitrosamine or carbon tetrachloride the total body clearance of theophylline is markedly reduced due to a reduced hepatic metabolism.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.372-378
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• 1991

Some kinds of newer fluoroquinolone antibiotics are known to interact with theophylline, which is widely used as a potent bronchodilator in asthma or chronic obstructive lung disease. To evaluate the effect of enoxacin and ciprofloxacin on the metabolism of theophylline, aminophylline was administered intravenously in bolus (6 mg/kg) over 30 minutes to 6 healthy volunteers (age: $23.3{\pm}4.2$ year, body weight: $63.2{\pm}9.0\;kg$, height: $169.0{\pm}6.5\;cm$, female 3, male 3) before and after per oral 5-day medication of enoxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively and we measured the level of theophylline in serum. The results were as follows: 1) Enoxacin and ciprofloxacin did not influence the volume of distribution significantly. 2) Enoxacin decreased the clearance of theophylline significantly (from $42.9{\pm}14.6\;ml/min$ to $30.1{\pm}6.3\;ml/min$: p<0.05), but ciprofloxacin did not cause significant decrease (to $32.8{\pm}6.2\;ml/min$: p>0.005). 3) Enoxacin increased the elimination half life of theophylline significantly (from $496{\pm}83\;min$ to $693{\pm}32\;min$: p<0.001), but ciprofloxacin did not cause significant increase (to $687{\pm}222\;min$: p>0.05). These results suggested that enoxacin influenced clearance and elimination half life significantly and thorough monitoring of the level of theophylline in patients with coadminstration of enoxacin and theophylline was necessary. In case of ciprofloxacin, the influence on the metabolism of theophylline was not statistically significant, but one exceptionally large decrease of the clearance and increase of the elimination halflife of theophylline suggested the necessity of monitoring of theophylline level during coadministration of ciprofloxacin and theophylline.