• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1978

Changes in contents of general components of comfrey cultured in Korea were experimented and amino acids were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (T.L.C.) and gas chromatography (G.L.C.). The results obtained were as follows; 1. General components of comfrey such as moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrate, crude fiber and total ash were 13.20, 2.22, 22.30, 37.62, 9.38 and 15.06%. respectively, after 60 days growth. 2. The root of comfrey after 60 days contained 6.03% of alanine, 2.24% valine, 10.77% arginine, 2.96% glycine, 4.08% histidine. 1.54% isoleucine, 0.58% cystein, 1.72% methionine, 7.55% aspartic acid, 7.81% glutamic acid and 4.65% lysine in the gas chromatographic analysis of amino acid composition 3. The crude protein was decreased after 60 days of growth whereas the contents of carbohydrate, crude fiber and total ash were increased. 4. The total amount of amino acids in root was greater than that in leaf of comfrey.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.269-277
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• 2008

Amino acid composition in grain of Korean native rice core collections was evaluated to identify the useful genotypes for quality enhancing rice breeding and value-added food development. Large variations were found in the contents of 16 amino acids among 388 genotypes tested with 14.9% of the minimum coefficient of variation (CV), and the contents of methionine and histidine showed the highest CV and the second high, respectively. The average values of total amino acid, total essential amino acid, lysine and threonine contents of Korean native rice collections were almost similar with those of cultivating japonica rice, Saechucheong. Among 388 native core collections Baekkokna, Daesona and Saducho were identified as high amino acid germplasm in total amino acid, total essential amino acid, lysine and threonine contents. And Seoksanjo and Sodujo were identified as low amino acid collections. Rice collections showing purple apiculus color tended to distribute in lower serine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, arginine, and total amino acid contents compared with those of yellowish apiculus color collections. The glutinous rice collections showed the tendency of higher contents of serine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine and leucine compared with those of non-glutinous collections.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.1277-1280
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• 2004

The effect of duodenal infusion with feed oligo-peptide solution on portal absorption of amino acids was investigated in poultry under unanaesthetized conditions. Four peptide solutions were used in the experiment: enzymatic hydrolysates from fish meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal proteins with average molecular weights less than 3,000 Da and 1,000 Da, respectively. Intestinal absorptions of these oligo-peptide solutions were compared by determining the concentration of free amino acid (FAA) in portal blood after the duodenal administrations of oligo-peptide solutions. Absorptive intensity and balance were used to estimate the intestinal absorption rate of amino acids. The absorptive intensities of amino acids were highest for the fish and soybean meal oligo-peptides. The ratios of amino acids absorbed in the portal blood from fish and soybean meal oligo-peptides were more similar to the composition of the infused amino acids than that observed from the cottonseed and rapeseed meal oligo-peptides. A positive correlation was found between absorption rate and proportion of PAA in the oligo-peptides. The higher absorption rate could be contributed to the higher proportion of peptide bound amino acids (PAA). The results suggest that fish and soybean meal protein are significantly more easily hydrolyzed into oligo-peptides (p<0.05) in the gastrointestinal tracts of poultry and as such can be utilized more effectively by body tissues.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 1998

This study conducted to evaluate effects of popped soybean on levels of ruminal peptides and blood amino acids in Holstein calves fed sudan grass hay as a forage source and popped (PSB) soybean as a concentrate supplement. At 0, 2, 4 and 6 h after feeding, rumen fluid and blood samples were collected from the rumen and jugular vein, respectively, and amino acids, peptides and other nitrogen-containing compounds in the rumen were analyzed. Ruminal pH tended to be higher in the RSB than in the PSB treatments, and declined upto 4 h after feeding, since then increased in both treatments. The concentrations of ammonia-N in all treatments increased upto 2 h after feeding, and then decreased gradually with time after feeding. The concentrations of ammonia N in the rumen were not significantly different between the treatments, however, those in RSB treatment appeared to be higher. Also, protein concentrations in the rumen were not significantly different between the treatments. Peptide productions were the highest at 2 h after feeding in the group fed RSB which is rapidly degradable in rumen, whereas those in the group fed PSB which is slowly degradable in rumen were maximized at 4 h after feeding. The concentration of total free essential amino acids in plasma was higher in the RSB treatment than in the PSB, but disappearance rates of these amino acids out of plasma was higher in the PSB treatment than in the RSB treatment. Disappearance rates of free non-essential amino acids in plasma were not significantly different between the treatments. Consequently, this study implies that the production of peptide and utilization of blood amino acid may be controlled by the modification of protein degradability.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 2003

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus(PED), a member of Coronaviridea, is the etiological agent of enteropathogenic diarrhea in swine. The purpose of this study was to investigate genetic characteristic of PEDV isolated in Korea. Nucleocapsid(N) gene and membrane (M) gene of recent Korean PEDV strains isolated in 2001 were amplified, cloned, sequenced and analyzed. N gene of seven Korean PEDV field isolates bad 94.5% to 99.4% nucleotide and 92.4% to 99.4% amino acid sequence homology each other. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of Korean field PEDVs were different from published foreign PEDVs, showing 95.1% to 98.0% nucleotide and 93.5% to 97.6% amino acid sequence homology. By phylogenetic tree analysis on based nucleotide sequences, PEDVs were clustered into four groups. By phylogenetic tree analysis based on amino acid sequences. PEDVs were clustered into five groups. M gene of our Korean PEDV field isolates had 99.6% to 100% nucleotide and 98.7% to 100% amino acid sequence homology each other. Nuclotide and amino acid sequences of Korean field PEDVs were different from published foreign PEDVs, showing 98.5% to 98.8% nucleotide and 97.3% to 97.8% amino acid sequence homology. By phylogenetic tree analysis based on nucleotide and amino acid sequences, PEDVs were clustered into two groups which were Korean PEDV isolate group and foreign PEDV isolate group.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.710-719
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• 2001

Several amino acid transport systems in mammary gland have been characterized during the last few years. These systems may be divided into two broad categories based on whether they are sodium-dependent or $Na^{+}$-independent, and each of these categories is subdivided into 3 groups depending on whether the systems prefer zwitterionic, cationic or anionic substrates. The zwitterion preferring transport processes in mammary gland are $Na^{+}$-dependent system A and $Na^{+}$-independent systems L and T. System $y^{+}$ is a $Na^{+}$-independent transporter of cationic amino acids and $X_{AG^{-}}$ is a $Na^{+}$-dependent system for anionic amino acids. A ($Na^{+}+Cl^{-}$)-dependent system, selective for $\beta$-amino acids has been reported in rat mammary tissue. In addition, there is yet another class of transporters that have still broader specificity. The $Na^{+}$-dependent systems $BCl^{-}$-dependent and $BCl^{-}$-independent and $Na^{+}$-independent system $y^{+}L$ have been reported to mediate the transport of zwitterionic as well as cationic amino acids. Each system has been characterized with respect to its substrate specificity, affinity, kinetics and ion-dependence. Transport of amino acids by mammary tissue is regulated by i) the intracellular substrate concentration, ii) lactogenic hormones and iii) milk stasis. Four of the above transport systems (i.e. A, L, $y^{+}$ and $BCl^{-}$-independent) are up-regulated by lactogenic hormones (insulin, cortisol and prolactin) in mammary gland.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.441-446
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• 1999

The changes of amino acids in the cotyledons of spring - and winter radishes were analysed during the abscisic acid (ABA). ABA plus cycloheximide (CH) and ABA plus polyamine (PA) treatment. The total contents of amino acids were increased in spring radishes, and decreased in winter radishes by ABA. The contents of hydrophilic amino acids, proline, glycine, serine and cysteine in spring radishes (expecially proline), and of cysteine, leucine and phenylalanine in winter radishes (expecially cysteine and leucine)were increased, CH treatment resulted in the accumulation of amino acids by the inhibition of new synthesized protein, which synthesized against ABA induced dehydration both of radishes. On the contrary, the contents of amino acids were decreased in spring radishes, and increased in winter radishes during PA treatment. These results indicated that the accumulated hydrophilic amino acids and new synthesized proteins induced the adaptation of dehydration against stress and the role of ABA in accelerating of stress adaptation was mediated by polyamines.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.3.1-3.10
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• 2014

Amino acid substitution matrices are essential tools for protein sequence analysis, homology sequence search in protein databases and multiple sequence alignment. The PAM matrix was the first widely used amino acid substitution matrix. The BLOSUM series then succeeded the PAM matrix. Most substitution matrixes were developed by using the statistical frequency of substitution between each amino acid at blocks representing groups of protein families or related proteins. However, substitution of amino acids is based on the similarity of physiochemical properties of each amino acid. In this study, a new approach was used to obtain major physiochemical properties in multiple sequence alignment. Frequency of amino acid substitution in multiple sequence alignment database and selected attributes of amino acids in physiochemical properties database were merged. This merged data showed the major physiochemical properties through principle components analysis. Using factor analysis, these four principle components were interpreted as flexibility of electronic movement, polarity, negative charge and structural flexibility. Applying these four components, BAPS was constructed and validated for accuracy. When comparing receiver operated characteristic ($ROC_{50}$) values, BAPS scored slightly lower than BLOSUM and PAM. However, when evaluating for accuracy by comparing results from multiple sequence alignment with the structural alignment results of two test data sets with known three-dimensional structure in the homologous structure alignment database, the result of the test for BAPS was comparatively equivalent or better than results for prior matrices including PAM, Gonnet, Identity and Genetic code matrix.

• Mycobiology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2005

The effects of different concentrations of three amino acids as carbon and or nitrogen sources on mycelial dry weights, changes in pH values of synthetic medium, ammonia secretion and extracellular protease activity by three zoosporic fungi, pathogens of fish and shellfish, were studied. As compared with the control, the addition of isoleucine and aspartic acid as nitrogen sources were generally stimulative for mycelial dry weight production whereas phenylalanine was inhibitory irrespective to the tested fungal species. When amino acids served as carbon and nitrogen sources, the mycelial dry weights of the three fungi were increased (mostly non-significantly) relative to untreated control but weights were decreased as the concentrations of the three amino acids raised. The addition of individual amino acids as carbon and nitrogen sources to the medium significantly increased pH values of the medium comparable to the control. The addition of each of the three amino acids as carbon and nitrogen sources to the medium significantly induced ammonia secretion by the three species of zoosporic fungi. Ammonia secretion in synthetic medium amended with amino acids as nitrogen source raised by the three zoosporic fungi relative to untreated control except in case of Achlya racemosa treated with isoleucine. Extracellular protease activity was almost promoted in case of Achlya proliferoides and Saprolegnia furcata cultures treated with isoleucine and aspartic acid individually in presence of glucose and vice versa in case of phenylalanine. However, extracellular protease activity of A. racemosa decreased compared with the control at various concentrations of isoleucine and both phenylalanine and aspartic acid assumed inconsistent effects. Extracellular protease activity of the three zoosporic fungi in the medium devoid of glucose varied depending upon zoosporic fungal species, the tested amino acid and the applied concentrations. The values of protease activity were approximately less two folds than that obtained in presence of glucose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 1988

This study was performed to provide the optimal conditions of quantitative analysis for free amino acid in fermented protein foods. The water extractable free amino acid from dairy fermented foods was extracted effectively at $75^{\circ}C$ for 40 min., while it were extracted from fermented soy products at $40^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours. A close results of free amino acid content to those from amino acid analyzer were obtained using OPDA method with lysine standard after deproteinizing with 1% picric acid. 95% ethanol used as a deproteinizing reagent could give a comparable results to those from picric acid treatment in determining free amino acid content using OPDA method. Therefore, ethanol treatment was more recommendable than picric acid treatment which has some troubles in removing excess picric acid through Dowex resin column. The most desirable precipitation method for free amino acid determination using TNBS method was 95% ethanol treatment among the various deproteinizing procedure. The copper salt method was not suitable owing to its lacking reproducibility and pronounced discrepancy in determining free amino acid.