• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 1974

The radioactive compound sodium $acetate-U-C^{14}\;(C^{14}-acetate)$ was administered to two- and four-year-old July and September American ginseng (Araliaceae, Panax quinquefolium L.) plants and cuttings. The $C^{14}-acetate$ uptake was approximately 99%. The autoradiochromatograms suggest that the saponins isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography contained impurities, especially those isolated from the leaf and stem extracts. The root and fruit methanol extracts yielded relatively pure saponins. The large amounts of panaquilin B and its proximity to panaquilin C on preparative thin-layer plates resulted in some admixing. The average concentration (% plant dry weight) of semi-purified saponins were high in the leaves (13.8%), as compared to fruits (9.8%), stems (7.9%) and roots (6.3%). The average percentage of $C^{14}-acetate$ incorporation into panaquilins was 4.8%. The average percentage of $C^{14}-acetate$ incorporation into panaquilins B and C was higher (1.40% and 1.13%, respectively) than that into panaquilins C, (d), G-1 and G-2 (0.75%, 0.65%, 0.13% and 0.53%, respectively). Panaquilin synthesis may be depending upon the part, collection period and age of the plant. The average percentage of $C^{14}-acetate$ incorporation into panaquilin B is high in roots (0.58%) and stems (0.48%); that into panaquilins C and (d) high in leaves (0.40% and 0.45%, respectively); and that into panaquilin E high in roots and leaves (0.55% and 0.50%, respectively). Panaquilin G-2 was synthesized in all parts of plants. The panaquilins appear to be biosynthesized more actively in July than September (exception-panaquilin G-1). Panaquilins B, C and G-1 may be biosynthesized more actively in four-year-old plants and panaquilins (d) and E more actively in two-year-old plants. The results from expectance with cuttings suggest that the panaquilins are synthesized de novo in the above-ground parts of ginseng plants, and that panaquilin G-1 may be synthesized de novo in the leaf. It is known from the tissue culture studies that panaquilins are produced by leaf, stem and root callus tissues and cailus-root cultures of American and Korean ginseng plants. Panaquilins may actively be synthesized de novo in most any cell or organ of the ginseng plants. It was verified that $C^{14}-acetate$ was incorporated into the panaxadiol portions of the panaquilins of two-year-old plants (sp. act. 0.56 mmcCi/mg) and four-year-old plants $(sp.\;act.\;0.54\;m{\mu}Ci/mg)$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.116-124
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenosides are known as the principal pharmacological active constituents in Panax medicinal plants such as Asian ginseng, American ginseng, and Notoginseng. Some ginsenosides, especially the 20(R) isomers, are found in trace amounts in natural sources and are difficult to chemically synthesize. The present study provides an approach to produce such trace ginsenosides applying biotransformation through Escherichia coli modified with relevant genes. Methods: Seven uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) genes originating from Panax notoginseng, Medicago sativa, and Bacillus subtilis were synthesized or cloned and constructed into pETM6, an ePathBrick vector, which were then introduced into E. coli BL21star (DE3) separately. 20(R)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), 20(R)-protopanaxatriol (PPT), and 20(R)-type ginsenosides were used as substrates for biotransformation with recombinant E. coli modified with those UGT genes. Results: E. coli engineered with $GT95^{syn}$ selectively transfers a glucose moiety to the C20 hydroxyl of 20(R)-PPD and 20(R)-PPT to produce 20(R)-CK and 20(R)-F1, respectively. GTK1- and GTC1-modified E. coli glycosylated the C3-OH of 20(R)-PPD to form 20(R)-Rh2. Moreover, E. coli containing $p2GT95^{syn}K1$, a recreated two-step glycosylation pathway via the ePathBrich, implemented the successive glycosylation at C20-OH and C3-OH of 20(R)-PPD and yielded 20(R)-F2 in the biotransformation broth. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that rare 20(R)-ginsenosides can be produced through E. coli engineered with UTG genes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-87
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• 1996

The effects of gibberilin ($GA_3$) on levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and zeatin in both fresh and stratified American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) seeds were investigated. In our first experiment, the fresh seeds were stratified after soaked in 80 ppd $GA_3$ solution for 24 hours. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 50.7% and 82.1% respectively at the 120th day and the 188th day of stratification, and the zeatin concentration also increased by 3.8% and 51.6% respectively. In our second experiment, we treated the seeds after 134 days stratification with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then continued to stratify them. We found that the IAA concentration in embryo increased by 32.9% and 17.7% respectively at the 164th day and the 208th day of stratification while zeatin concentration increased by 22.7% and 30.6% respectively In our another experiment, we studied the effects of $GA_3$, abscislc acid (ABA) and GA, plus ABA on germination rate of seeds treated with these plant hormones during stratification. We found that when the stratified seeds whose ratio of embryo had reached 75% were treated with 80 ppm GA3 for 24 hours and then were allowed to be stratified for another 88 days, the weight and length of embryo (p < 0.05), and germination rate (p < 0.01) increased. In contrast, the 25 ppm ABA treated with for 24 hours was found to Inhibit the growth of embryo (p < 0.05) and reduce the germination rate (p < 0.05) . The experiment of combination treatment of $GA_3$ and ABA showed that $GA_3$ could relieve the inhibitory effects of the ABA on the development of the seeds.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2000

The external morphology of male and female of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) was studied using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three types of sensilla were identified on the funicle of antennae. The trichoid sensilla were most conspicious and distributed with a characteristic sharp structure at the apical end. Basiconic sensilla were showed distal curvature about $13{\mu}m$ long and $1.2{\mu}m$ to $1.4{\mu}m$ in diameter. Grooved sensilla were showed a finger-like projections at the peg apex. The function of these sensilla likely to be olfactory. The mouthparts were adapted for sucking food, and formed a elongate rostrum which was incorporated with labrum. The labrum was a small and flap-like shape. The slender and paired maxillary palp seemed to combine with each other lengthwise to long tube. The tarsus typically consisted of 5 segments, which might be variously modified, principally by thickening or flattening. The segment beared a pair of claws. Beneath the claws, there was a pair of pad-like pulvillia and a bristle-like median empodium. L. trifolii might secreted on the pulvillus and empodium an adhesive substance that enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Male terminalia was complicated. The name 'aedeagus' seemed the best available general term for the copulatory organ, otherwise, female terminalia was usually relatively simple. This structure was reduced and formed a telescopic, eversible, and tubular ovipositor.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 1989

Six cigarette brands produced in Korea and U.S.A. were studied to find the effects of relative humidity, moisture sorption time, temperature, and the amounts of water extracts and total sugar in the brands on the equilibrium moisture contents. The equilibrium contents were higher in the domestic brands than foreign ones and the sorption rates of moisture were faster in the domestic cigarettes. The Korean brands with high contents of water extracts and total sugar had higher equilibrium moisture contents in the range of RH 40-80% at $20^{\circ}C$ for 72hours. These are the reasons that Korean brands contain higher ratio of flue-cured tobacco and American brands are blended with higher ratio of Burley tobacco.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3 s.67
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• pp.151-168
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• 2006

Objectives: To help the Oriental medicine clinical studies for the common cold treatment, this study analyzed the tendency of research into complementary medicine on the common cold recently published in PubMed. Methods: This study analyzed 26 research papers on complementary medicine on the common cold published in PubMed Over the past 10 years. It measured annually and for each country the number of papers published, the number of subjects, the period of research, the area of trial, the method of study, the objective of study, and intervention, respectively and intervention, the objective of study, and the result of trials overall. Results: There were research papers concerning treatment, prevention, safety of herbal medicine, inducement, and improvement of symptoms of the common cold in the study objective the most among them concerned treatment of the common cold. There were more positive results compared to negative results for treatment and prevention. The results for safety and symptom improvement were positive, while the results for the inducement were indeterminate. There were research papers about using food and medicine, acupuncture, hydrotherapy, and cold exposure in intervention the most among them were about using food and medicine. The food and medicine interventions were Echinacea preparations, vitamins, zinc preparations, Baptisia, Thuja, the root of North American ginseng, probiotic bacteria, troxerutin, garlic, Andrographis paniculata, and caffeine. The use of Echinacea preparations was the most frequent among them. Conclusions: Recent research results of complementary medicine on the common cold were more positive than negative.