• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.187-194
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• 2011

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disorder of the periodontium, characterized by destruction of the tooth supporting tissues including alveolar bone and mediated by various pro-inflammatory mediators. Here, we demonstrated that HP08-0106, composed of four crude drugs-Gardenia jasminoides Grandiflora, Angelica gigas Nakai, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Schizonepeta tenuifolia in a weight ratio of 2:2:1:2, perturbs inflammatory responses, osteoclast formation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and alveolar bone resorption in ligature-induced periodontitis. HP08-0106 decreased the protein level of iNOS and COX2 as well as the secreted level of IL-$1{\beta}$, indicating that HP08-0106 has antiinflammatory effects. HP08-0106 also inhibited the expression of genes associated with osteoclastogenesis including c-Fos, MMP-9 and TRAP. Moreover, HP08-0106 exhibited a protective effect from alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis animal models. Our results strongly suggest that HP08-0106 represent an important therapeutic tool to treat inflammatory disorders associated with bone loss such as periodontitis.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-31
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• 1976

90 Cases of diabetics who came to department of internal medicine and dental clinic, National Medical Center, and 90 Cases of patients who came to dental clinic without general symptom were examined with oral examination and intra-oral x-ray study, from May, 1975 to Oct. , 1975. The obtained results were as follow : In the diabetics, gingval inflammaory changes, alveolar bone resorption and tiih mobility were more severe than nondiabetics who had similar local initants in the oral cavities.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.20 no.1 s.152
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• pp.59-62
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• 1982

290 cases of diabetics and 290 cases of non-diabetics who came to the department of Internal Medicine and Dental clinic in the National Medical Center were examined with oral examination and intra-oral x-ray study from February, 1977 to January, 1981. The obtained results were as follows; In the diabetics gingival inflammatory changes, alveolar bone resorption and tooth mobility were more severe than non-diabetics who had similar local irritants in the oral cavities.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.2 s.73
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• pp.209-217
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• 1999

This study was concerned with comparing the measured values of labial alveolar bone through the lateral cephalometric radiography and mandibular incisor cross-sectional tomogram between two groups, one group of mandibular prognathism patients who needed an orthognathic surgery as an experimental group and the other group who had normal molar relationships as a control group. The purpose of the study was to find out the predisposing factor of bone resorption and gingival recession before orthodontic treatment. The results were as follows: 1. The cross-sectional area of labial alveolar bony plate in mandibular prognathism was significantly smaller than that of control group. 2. In mandibular prognathism, the distance between cementoenamel junction and alveolar crest was significantly greater than control group. 3. There were negative correlations between area of labial alveolar bony plate and distance from cementoenamel junction to alveolar crest, and positive correlations between area of labial alveolar bony plate and distance from alveolar crest to root apex. 4. In mandibular prognathism, there were positive correlations between IMPA and thickness of symphysis, and negative correlations between IMPA and the alveolar bony height. The results of the present study suggest the mandibular prognathism patients are prone to the gingival recession due to the small amount of labial alveolar bone around lower incisors.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.266-275
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• 2008

Dental endosseous implants require sufficient alveolar bone volume and quality for complete bone coverage and initial stability. But, atrophy or resorption of alveolar bone height and width according to patient's age and period of tooth loss can prevent ideal implant placement. Bone graft procedure has been proposed before or simultaneously with the placement of dental implants in patients with insufficient alveolar bone volume. While allografts, xenografts, and alloplastic bone grafts have been proposed and studied for alveolar ridge augmentation, the use of autogenous bone grafts represents the 'gold standard' for bone augmentation procedures. Conventional bone grafts are usually harvested from distant sites such as the ilium or ribs. Recently there is a growing use of intraoral bone grafts from intraoral donor sites such as mandibular symphysis, mandibular ramus and maxillary tuberosity. We recommend that the mandibular ramus is a safe autogenous bone graft donor site for bone harvesting with low morbidity. We report various effective autogenous bone graft procedures from mandibular ramus for the implant placement on various atrophic alveolar ridges.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.238-244
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• 2000

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of osseointegration according to implant placement timing in the distracted alveolar bone using intraoral distraction device. Six adult mongrel dogs of either sex, weighing about 15kg, were used. The animals were divided into 4-week and 8-week groups according to the timing of implant installation. The left upper and lower premolars and first molars were extracted and an alveoloplasty was performed to simulate an atrophic ridge. After 12 weeks of healing, a segmental osteotomy was made and an intraoral distraction device which was designed for augmentation of vertical height of the edentulous ridge was applied. Latency period was allowed for 5 days and then distraction was made at a rate of 1.2mm/day for 8 days. Four or eight weeks after distraction, implants were installed. Twelve weeks after implant installation, the animals were sacrificed. Macroscopic, radiographic, and histologic examinations of distracted alveolar ridge were performed. No significant abnormalities such as infection and dehiscence of overlying soft tissue were observed. Radiographically, there was slight bone resorption around the medial and distal edges of the alveolar bone segment, and a new bone deposition was observed in the neighboring alveolar crest area in the both groups. The satisfactory osseointegration was achieved in the distracted gap of the both groups, but fibrous tissue appeared on the buccal side of implant in the distracted gap in 4-week group. These results suggest that proper timing of implant installation is 8 weeks rather than 4 weeks after distraction when dental implant is to be placed onto the distracted bone.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-67
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• 1986

The physical tooth movement by orthodontic force is based upon alveolar bone resorption at compression site and new bone formation at tension site of the alveolar socket. The function of the cyclic AMP is to participate not only in initial action of bone cells by mechanical forces but also in the continuous cellular response leading to bone remodelling. This experiment was performed to clarify the role of cyclic AMP in bone remodelling by mechanical force in the NORMAL group, the DIABETES group and the INSULIN TREATED group. The 72 rats were divided into the NORMAL group, the DIABETES group and the INSULIN TREATED group. The same orthodontic forces were applied to the rats of 3 groups. These rats were treated for periods of time ranging from 1 hour, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. The samples of alveolar bones were obtained from compression and tension sites surrounding the tipping teeth from NORMAL, DIABETE and INSULIN TREATED rats. The samples were assayed for cyclic AMP by the cyclic AMP RIA kit. The results were as follows: 1. The cyclic AMP levels of alveolar bone in compression and tension sites showed initial decrease, then increased and .remained elevated by the time consuming. 2. The highest cyclic AMP level showed in the DIABETES group and the lowest level was in the NORMAL group. 3. The cyclic AMP levels in the INSULIN TREATED group was similar with the NORMAL group in control and tension sites, but in the compression sites it was similar with the DIABETES group.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-37
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• 1985

Biocompatibility of dense synthetic hydroxylapatite is well known and the direct bond with adjacent bone developed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of clinical application of tooth ash for preservation of alveolar ridge. For this purpose the author performed an experimental implantation of the particulate and root form of both pure dense hydroxylapatite and tooth ash in alveolar sockets immediately after extraction. The pure dense hydroxylapatite was particulate form and root form made by Calciteck Inc. The tooth ash was prepared by incineration at $950^{\circ}C$, and the syrindrical form of the tooth ash was sintered and trimmed to fit the size of the each extraction socket of 10 mongrel dogs. After sugery the clinical, roentgenographical, and histological observation was carried out. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Clinical observation disclosed no dehiscence and exfoliation due to tissue rejection. 2. Vertical resorption of alveolar bone occurred in all experimental sockets as well as the control sites on the roentgenograph. 3. Osteoclastic activity appeared at the inner surfaces of the crestal alveolar bone on the 1st week but disappeared on the 2nd week. 4. There were macrophages in the particulate form on the 1st and 2nd week after surgery but no macrophages appered in the root form. S. New bone formation was developed from the bony wall of experimental sockets and grew to bond with the implant materials. In particulate form the new bone formation did not occur in central zone independently. 6. Tooth ash implant sites were covered with the newly formed bony trabeculation from third week, but Calcitite particles were covered with soft tissue. 7. Generally the healing occurred more rapidly in control sites than in implant sites.

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.12-17
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• 2009

Purpose : To determine whether peri-implant crestal bone loss could be affected by systemic disease, primary ISQ value, implantation method (submerged vs. non-submerged), surface treatment, and bone density Materials and methods : Patients who underwent fixture installation from June 24, 2005 to October 23, 2008 at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were evaluated. A total of 157 patients (male: 52, female: 85) had 346 fixtures installed. Among them, 49 patients had periapical radiographs taken 1 year after prostheses were first set. A total of 97 fixtures were implanted. In particular, 30 fixtures were installed in patients with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and liver disease. The immediate stability of implants was measured with $Osstell^{tm}$. Implant surface treatment was classified into two groups (RBM, Cellnest (Anodized)), and bone density, into four groups (D1~D4). The bone resorption on the mesial and distal areas of fixtures was measured with periapical radiographs using the paralleling technique, and the mean value was calculated. The length determination program in IMPAX (AGFA, Belgium) was used. Results : At least 332 out of 346 (96%) installed GS II implants were successfully osseointegrated 1 year after prostheses were first set. The mean value of the bone resorption of the installed GS II implants was 0.44mm. The minimum value was 0mm, and the maximum value, 2.85mm. There was a statistically significant difference between the implantation methods (submerged, non-submerged) with regard to the amount of alveolar bone loss 1 year after prostheses were first set (p<0.05). Non-submerged implants showed less crestal bone loss. Note, however, that other variables had no correlation with crestal bone loss (p>0.05). Conclusion : There was a statistically significant difference between the 1-stage method and 2-stage method with regard to the amount of alveolar bone loss 1 year after prostheses were first set. Systemic disease, primary ISQ value, surface treatment, and bone density were not associated with alveolar bone loss. Other variables were assumed to have a correlation with alveolar bone loss.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.170-179
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• 2000

The rh-BMP-4 is a subgroup of TGF-${\beta}$ superfamily. The application of rh-BMP in alveolar bony defect was reported to new alveolar bone and new cementum formation. For minimized complications following tooth replantation, a operator must replant a tooth fast at the pertinent position. This study was to evaluate the effect of rh-BMP-4 on periodontal regeneration and root resorption following tooth replantation in rats. The 50 Sprague-Dawley rats weighting about 130gm were used in this study. The animals were divided into three groups. Group 1 ; immediate replantation after extraction : Group 2 ; replantation stored teeth extraction of first molar, the removal of periodontal ligament with collagenase, and etching with citric acid : Group 3 ; replantation stored teeth with treated rh-BMP-4 in mesial root. Experimental animals were sacrificed 3, 7, 14 days after replantation by heart infusion. The maxillae were removed, fixed, demineralized, dehydrated, infiltrated and embedded with JB-4 mixture. For light microscopic observation, 5 micron sections were cut and stained with toluidine blue. The results of this study were as follows : 1. After experimental 3 days, all groups were observed dead space between periodontum and root. 2. After experimental 7 days, group 1 and group 3 were observed filling periodontal fibers between alveolar bone and root but group 2 were not. 3. After experimental 7 days, group 3 were observed appearance of attached cementoblast like cell on root surface. Group 1 were observed regular arrangement of fibroblasts and collagen fibers at ${\times}400$ observation. 4. After experimental 14 days, all group were observed filling periodontal fibers between alveolar bone and root. Group 1 were observed normal arrangement of periodontal fibers. Group 3 were observed less abnormal arrangement of periodontal fibers. Group 2 were not observed functional normal arrangement of periodontal fibers. 5. After experimental 14 days, group 2 and 3 were observed several root resorption and irregular root surface but group 1 were not. These results suggest that the rh-BMP-4 can stimulate cementogenesis and enhance to attach collagen fibers.