• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2009

The maxillary posterior edentulous region presents unique and challenging conditions in implant dentistry. The height of the posterior maxilla is reduced greatly as a result of dual resorption from the crest of the ridge and pneumatization of the maxillary sinus after the loss of teeth. Materials previously used for sinus floor grafting include autogenous bone, allogeneic bone, xenogenic bone and alloplastic materials. Autogenous bone is the material of choice, but its use is limited by donor-site morbidity, complications, sparse availability, uncontrolled resorption and marked volume loss. One way to overcome this problem would be to use bone substitutes alone as a osteoconductive scaffold for bone regeneration from the residual bone or in combination with allogeneic bone, which also has osteoinductive properties. The purpose of this article is to describe a double layers technique of demineralized and mineralized bone graft materials instead of autogenous bone in sinus floor augmentation of deficient posterior maxillary alveolar process and to report our experience with this technique. Our results show that maxillary sinus augmentation using mineralized and demineralized bone materials, when installed simultaneously with the implant or not, is good results for bone healing.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.444-450
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• 1998

PCP remains the leading cause of deaths in patients with AIDS. As familiarity with PCP increases, atypical manifestations of the diseases are being recognized with greater frequency. There are following "atypical" manifestations of PCP ; 1) interstitial lung response that include diffuse alveolar damage, bronchiolitis obliterance, interstitial fibrosis, and lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate 2) striking localized process frequently exhibiting granulomatous features 3) extensive necrosis & cavitation 4) extrapulmonary dissemination of the disease. A wide variety of pathologic manifestations may occur in PCP in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patienst and that atypical features should be sought in lung biopsies from patients at risk for PCP. We had experienced a case of PCP, which presented with severe hypoxia, progressive dyspnea and fine crackles. It was diagnosed as PCP in AIDS with manifestation of BOOP by open lung biopsy and showed good response to Bactrim & corticosteroid therapy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.55-60
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• 2000

We examined the effects of Kamgil-Tang on the process of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced unclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}$ Bp65 and inhibitory (I)-${\kappa}$ B${\alpha}$ alteration in RAW 264.7 cell and acute lung injury in rats. Immunoblot analysis showed that LPS-induced degradation of I-${\kappa}$ B${\alpha}$ in RAW 264.7 was inhibited by pretreatment of Kamgil-Tang. The total cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid by LPS challenge markedly decreased in the Kamgil-Tang pretreatment rats. Kamgil-Tang pretreatment caused also a decline in neutrophils infiltration into interstitium of the lung. In the alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, decreased NF-${\kappa}$ Bp65 and inducible nitric oxide synthase and increased I-${\kappa}$ B${\alpha}$ immunoreaction were detected in Kamgil-Tang pretreated rats compared with LPS alone treated ones. It may be concluded that Kamgil-Tang attenuates the development of LPS-induced inflammation by reduction of NF-${\kappa}$ Bp65 activation and neutrophil-mediated acute lung injury. Kamgil-Tang would be useful as a therapeutic agent for endotoxin-induced lung disease.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2012

Apoptosis is a physiological programmed cell death process. Tubercle bacilli inhibit apoptosis of alveolar macrophages and phagolysosome fusion. We investigated whether the Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic member, Bfl-1/A1, plays an important role in the anti-apoptotic process during mycobacterial infection. PMA-treated human monocytoid THP-1 cells were infected with mycobacteria (H37Rv, BCG, and K-strain) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 for 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 48, or 72 h. In addition, PMA-treated THP-1 cells were pretreated with specific inhibitors for 45 min before stimulation with mycobacteria at an MOI of 10 for 4 h. After the indicated time, the cells were subject to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, and a Bfl-1/A1-specific Western blot was performed. In PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells, the expression level of Bfl-1/A1 mRNA was increased by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv infection. The mRNA level of Bfl-1/A1 peaked 3 h after MTB infection, then declined gradually until 9 h. However, Bfl-1/A1 mRNA induction gradually re-increased from 24 h to 72 h after MTB infection. No difference in Bfl-1/A1 expression was detected following infection with MTB H37Rv, K-strain, or M. bovis BCG. These results were not dependent on mycobacterial virulence. Moreover, mRNA levels of other anti-apoptotic molecules (Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL) were not increased after MTB H37Rv or K-strain infection. These results suggest that mycobacteria induce the innate immune host defense mechanisms that utilize Bfl-1/A1 molecules at early time points, regardless of virulence.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.187-200
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• 1996

After loss of tooth, initial healing process is critical to preserve residual alveolar process. This study was conducted to compare the effect of hydroxylapatite particle synthetic graft and guided tissue regeneration procedure on healing of extraction wounds in 5 mongrel dogs. To investigate the maturity of bone and velocity of bone heating, bone-labeled tracers were used. After 16 weeks healing period, dogs were sacrificed. The specimens were treated with Villanueva bone stain. Fluorescence microscopy and polarized microscopy were performed to exam the pattern of bone formation in the extraction socket. The results were following ; 1. Pattern of bone regeneration in the group of hydroxylapatie graft and the group of membrane protection after hydroxylapatite graft was following ; bone regeneration was slow, regenerated bone was immature, and thickness of cortical layer was thin compare to that of untreated control group. 2. Cortical layers in membrane protected group were somewhat thicker but less condense to that of untreated control group. 3. Infiltration of inflammation cells were found in the groups using hydroxylapatite graft and membrane. We concluded that grafting of replamineform hydroxylapatite particles into the extraction socket delayed healing of the wound and disturbed the formation of cortical bone at the roof of extraction socket. The placement of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes on the extraction socket promotes the bone regeneration. But newly formed bone in cortical layer consists of the cortico-cancellous bone in comparison with the cortical bone of the control group.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.219-227
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• 2020

Tooth eruption involves a complex developmental process of tooth migration from the dental follicular origin to the final occlusion position in the oral cavity via the alveolar process. Disturbance of tooth eruption can occur at any point in a series of eruption stages; however, horizontal impaction of the mandibular first molar and primary retention of the primary mandibular second molar are rarely observed simultaneously. This study describes the treatment for two cases of horizontally impacted first molar with primary retention of primary molar. The primary retention of the primary mandibular second molar was extracted, and orthodontic traction was applied to the horizontally impacted primary mandibular first molar. Subsequently, displacement of the premolar tooth bud was improved and space regaining for eruption was achieved, guiding to normal eruption of the first molar.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2003

Purpose: To observe the histologic pattern of healing in molar tooth extraction sockets of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats following irradiation. Materials and Methods: Mature Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, diabetic, and diabetic-irradiated groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced by injecting streptozotocin. Control rats were injected with a citrate buffer only. After 5 days, the right maxillary first molar was extracted under general anesthesia from each of the rats. After the extraction, rats in the diabetic-irradiated group were irradiated with a single absorbed dose of 10 Gy to the head and neck region. The rats were killed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. Results: In the diabetic and diabetic-irradiated groups, the early healing process of the socket extraction was similar to the control group, but bone formation was delayed at 7 days after the treatment. In the diabetic-irradiated group, alveolar bone surrounding the extraction socket showed signs of necrosis at 3 days after treatment, and hemorrhage was observed in connective tissue within the extraction socket at 14 days after treatment. Conclusion: This experiment revealed that the healing process of the extraction socket was severely delayed and retarded by irradiation in the diabetic state.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2013

Many of the patients with extensive abrasion need comprehensive restorative treatment. The abrasion is usually caused by attrition, besides of it, there are many reasons for it. The plan of treatment should be started on assessment of the type of attrition and the etiologic analysis. Patient with well-developed masticatory muscle, alveolar process, and high occlusal force and also with little muscle length difference between the stable and the contracted state should be carefully assessed for the vertical dimensional loss and the restoration should be carefully designed. Decrease of tooth length can be compensated by the growth of the alveolar bone height; therefore, consistency of the occlusal vertical dimension is maintained. Accordingly, a careless increase of the vertical dimension can produce muscle fatigue, depressed tooth and pain, and fracture of the restoration. In this case, the patient with multiple tooth abrasion and clenching habit, the edentulous maxillary area is restored with amalgam inserted RPD, and the dentulous area of the maxilla and mandible are treated with fixed restoration accompanying with the increase of vertical dimension. Consequently, we are going to report about the satisfying result in both functional and esthetic aspects.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2010

The bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO) is preferred method of surgical correction for mandibular prognathism, retrognathism and asymmetry. This technique performed from primarily an intraoral incision to avoid a scar. After forward movement of the distal segment of the mandible, healing of bone by primary or secondary intention is easily accomplished through large areas of cancellous bony overlap. When rigid fixation is used for the BSSRO, it is possible to open the mouth during the immediate post-operative period because it promotes the healing process. Although this surgical procedure has been well-documented, the incidence of postoperative trigeminal neurosensory disorder in the region of the inferior alveolar nerve and the mental nerve remains one of the major complication. However, evaluation of objective methods for sensory recovery patterns is insufficient although most patients find their sensory return. Neurometer electrodiagnostic device performs automated neuroselective sensory nerve conduction threshold evaluation by determining current perception threshold (CPT) measures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensory recovery patterns of inferior alveolar and mental nerve over time. Nerve examination with a neurometer was performed in 30 patients undergoing the BSSRO at pre-operative, post-operative 1-, 2-, 4- week, and 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- month follow-up visits after the osteotomy to compare the differences of nerve injury and recovery patterns after the BSSRO with or without genioplasty and sensory recovery patterns associated with the kind of nerve fiber.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2011

Background: Macrophages are one of the most important inflammatory cells in innate immunity. PU.1 is a macrophage-specific transcription factor. Ubiquitins are the ultimate regulator of eukaryotic transcription. The ubiquitination process for PU.1 is unknown. This study investigated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of PU.1 and its relation to ubiquitins in the macrophages. Methods: Raw264.7 cells, the primary cultured alveolar, pulmonary, and bone marrow derived macrophages were used. The Raw264.7 cells were treated with MG-132, $NH_4Cl$, lactacytin and LPS. Nitric oxide and prostaglandin D2 and E2 were measured. Immunoprecipitation and Western blots were used to check ubiquitination of PU.1. Results: The PU.1 ubiquitination increased after LPS ($1{\mu}g$/mL) treatment for 4 hours on Raw264.7 cells. The ubiquitination of PU.1 by LPS was increased by MG-132 or $NH_4Cl$ pretreatment. Two hours of LPS treatment on macrophages, PU.1 activation was not induced nor increased with the inhibition of proteasomes and/or lysosomes. The ubiquitination of PU.1 was increased in LPS-treated Raw264.7 cells at 12- and at 24 hours. LPS-treated cells increased nitric oxide production, which was diminished by MG-132 or $NH_4Cl$. LPS increased the production of $PGE_2$ in the alveolar and peritoneal macrophages of wild type mice; however, $PGE_2$ was blocked or diminished in Rac2 null mice. Pretreatment of lactacystin increased $PGE_2$, however it decreased the $PGD_2$ level in the macrophages derived from the bone marrow of B57/BL6 mice. Conclusion: LPS treatment in the macrophages ubiquitinates PU.1. Ubiquitination of PU.1 may be involved in synthesis of nitric oxide and prostaglandins.