• Solar Energy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 1992

The purposes of the present study are to investigate the characteristics of heat storage and emission of the PCM($CalCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$) panel, and to analyze the distribution of indoor air temperature in a floor heating space with PCM panels for the heating system. Two identical unit test cells sized $1.8m^W{\times}1.8m^L{\times}1.8m^H$ were built and installed with specially designed aluminium Ondol-panels. It held 1.2kg of calcium chloride hexahydrate(CCH). It was found that PCM panels could reduce the indoor air temperature fluctuations and maintain the phase changing temperature for considerably long duration, $2{\sim}3$ times longer in heating hour over no-CCH one. When the elapsed time was 6 hours, the average temperature difference between PCM panel and Ondol panel was $7.7^{\circ}C$.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.282-285
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• 1996

In the water purification plant, the raw water is promptly purified by injecting chemicals. The amount of chemicals is directly related to water quality such as turbidity, temperature, pH and alkalinity. At present, however, the process of chemical reaction to the turbidity has not been clarified as yet. Since the process of coagulant dosage has no feedback signal, the amount of chemical can not be calculated from water quality data which were sensed from the plant. Accordingly, it has to be judged and determined by Jar-Test data which were made by skilled operators. In this paper, it is concerned to model and control the coagulant dosing process using jar-test results in order to predict optimum dosage of coagulant, PAC(Polymerized Aluminium Chloride). The considering relations to the reaction of coagulation and flocculation, the five independent variables(turbidity, temperature, pH, Alkalinity of the raw water, PAC feed rate) are selected out and they are put into calculation to develope a neural network model and a fuzzy model for coagulant dosing process in water purification system. These model are utilized to predict optimum coagulant dosage which can minimize the water turbidity in flocculator. The efficacy of the proposed control schemes was examined by the field test.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.397-406
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• 2009

This study was conducted to monitor the floc sizes forming in the mixing zone in the water treatment plant. The dosing amount of poly aluminium chloride(PAC) was determined by particle dispersion analyzer(iPDA) in the lab and field scale test. During a field test period, PAC coagulant was used and the raw water was taken from Nakdong river. PAC wad diluted to activate the coagulant, leading to bring the more homogeneous dispersion in the shorter time. To monitor the floc sizes, the unit of floc size index(FSI) was used. With increasing of raw water turbidity, FSI value was increased. Also, the increased dosing amount of PAC brought the increased FSI and with overdosing of coagulant was in turn decreased. When the PAC was fed into the raw water after dilution in a field scale test, the width of FSI was narrower compared with the feeding of the mother liquor of PAC, implying that the formed flocs are denser and more uniform sizes. The width of FSI in average was varied on depending on the basicity of coagulant. Also, dF value, fractal dimension was evalued with the different coagulants, showing from 2.01 to 2.03. On-line floc monitor was effective for the optimal dosing in the drinking water plant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.633-640
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• 2008

In this research, the $3.6m^3/day$ scale pilot plant consisting preozonation, coagulation, flocculation, and ceramic membrane processes was operated for long term period to evaluate the validity of ceramic membrane filtration process for treating lake water containing high concentration manganese. The higher concentration of dissolved manganese($Mn^{2+}$) was effectively oxidized to the bigger insoluble colloidal manganese ($MnO^2$) by 1~2 mg/L ozone. The colloidal manganese reacted with coagulant (poly aluminium chloride, PAC) and then formed the big floc. Ceramic membrane rejected effectively manganese floc during membrane filtration. Dissolved organic carbon(DOC) removal was dependent upon $Mn^{2+}$ concentration. While average $Mn^{2+}$ concentration was 0.43 and 0.85 mg/L in raw water, DOC removal rate in preozonation was 26.5 and 13.5%, respectively. The decrease rate of membrane permeability was faster without preozonation than with preozonation while membrane fouling decreased with NOM oxidation by ozone. In conclusion, raw water containing high concentration of manganese can be effectively treated in preozonation-coagulation-ceramic membrane filtration system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.537-548
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• 2010

Recently the Government has announced updated water quality standards for wastewater treatment effluent (become effective in 2012). That includes highly enforced regulations for T-P, BOD and COD, and a large budget, in particular for phosphorus removal, was set by the Ministry of environment. Chemical coagulation destabilizes colloidal particles so that particles grow to larger flocs, and solid particles are removed by solid-liquid separation. The efficiency of chemical coagulation depends on a various factors, including coagulant types and costs, construction and operation costs for the treatment facilities and so on. The proper selection should be based on the treatment efficiency of coagulants and underlying costs. The current research was to evaluate the treatment efficiencies of coagulants on a variety of wastewater influents and to develop saturation curves for several water quality parameters. Typical $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ and $FeCl_3$ were tested under a range of coagulant concentrations. The pollutant removal efficiencies of chemical treatment both for the $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ and $FeCl_3$ were especially high for T-P, followed by SS, BOD and COD. Correlation test also proved the highest relationship between SS and T-P.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.193-196
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• 1999

Organic electroluminescent devices have attracted a great deal of attention due to thier potential application to full-color flat-panel displays. The 8-hydroxyquinollne Zinc(Znq$_2$) were synthesized successfully from zinc chloride(ZnCl$_2$) and zinc acetate(Zn(C$_2$H$_3$O$_3$)$_2$) as green omitting material. A double-layer ELD consist of an emitting layer of B-hydroxyquinoline Zinc(Znq$_2$) and a hole-transport layer of tai-phenylene diamine(TPD) derivatives sandwiched between an Aluminium(Al) and Indium-Tin-Oxide(ITO) electrodes omitted green light resulting from Znq$_2$. The electroluminescent devices (ELD) exhibited a maximum luminance of 1000cd/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at a driving voltage of 8V and a driving current density of 0.4mA/$\textrm{cm}^2$.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.293-306
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• 2014

The present study primarily focuses on the evaluation of the comparative effect of chemical coagulation and ultrasonication for elimination of aromatic amines (AAs) present in anaerobically pretreated textile wastewater containing different types of dyes including azo dyes. Color and COD reduction was also monitored at the optimized conditions. The production of AAs was measured spectrophotometrically in the form of total aromatic amines (TAAs) and also verified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) selectively. A composite coagulant, magnesium chloride (MC) aided with aluminium chlorohydrate (ACH) in an equal ratio (MC + ACH) was utilized during the coagulation process, which yielded 31% of TAAs removal along with 85% of color and 52% of COD reduction. At optimized power (200 W) and sonication time (5 h), an appreciable TAAs degradation efficiency (85%) was observed along with 51% color reduction and 62% COD removal using ultrasonication. The chromatographic data indicate that sulphanilic acid and benzidine types of aromatic amines were produced after the reductive cleavage of utilized textile dyes, which were effectively mineralized after ultrasonication. The degradation followed the first order kinetics with a correlation coefficient ($R^2$) of 0.89 and a first-order kinetic constant (k) of $0.0073min^{-1}$.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.87-96
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• 1995

Colorant concentrates are prepared by use of concentration method of colorants extracted from Sappan wood using met hanol. Dyeabilities and fastness properties of silk fabrics dyed with concentrate of Sappan wood are investigated.The results obtained are as follows; 1. The storage stability of colorant concentrate is poor as concentration is excess. 2. Because the colors of dyeings are different with mordants, aluminium acetate, copper acetate, chromium alum and tin chloride are used in order to obtain reddish color. 3. The optimum dyeing temperature and dyeing time are 6$0^{\circ}C$ and 60 min, respectively. 4. Dry cleaning fastness is very good, and light fastness and washing fastness are low. 5. The dyeing method is simple owing to usehess of colorant concentrate prepared without extraction of colorant every time.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.149-152
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• 1988

A mixture of (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate(1) and its (E,Z)-isomer(2), the sex pheromone of the cherry tree borer, Synanthedon hector Butler was synthesized. (Z)-11-Octadecen-1-al(3) was prepared from 1,10-decandiol. The Wittig reaction the above aldehyde3 with carboethoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane, or the Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of the above aldehyde3 with the anion of triethylphosphonoacetate gave ethyl (Z,Z)-2,13-octadecadienoate and its (E,Z)-isomer. Deconjugative protonation of ethyl (Z,Z)-2,13-octadecadienoate and its (E,Z)-isomer with potassium hexamethyldisilazide followed by aqueous ammonium chloride work-up afforded stereoselectiv디y ethyl (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadienoate and its (Z,Z)-isomer, respectively, of which stereoselectivity was adjusted to give the product in the required ratio. Exposure of the above deconjugated ester to excess lithium aluminium hydride resulted in formation of the penultimate (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol and its (E,Z)-isomer. Acetylation of the desired alcohols afford the final products, (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate(1) and its (E,Z)-isomer(2).

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.199-207
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• 2020

Recently, as the demand for masks increases, the use of filter-replaceable cotton masks is increasing. A filter-replaceable cotton mask is one of the ways to solve the environmental problems of a disposable nonwoven mask because only the filter can be replaced after washing. Cotton fiber products are known to be environmentally friendly, but cotton products dyed with general synthetic dyes are not safe for humans. In this study, to prepare of cotton mask applied with natural dyeing, the optimal dyeing conditions are set when dyeing with gallnut extract. A polychromatic natural dye that changes color by mordant, and the functionalities of gallnut dyeing fabrics are evaluated. The experimental method is dyed the gallnut by temperature and time by concentration to set the optimal conditions. The color fastness rating grade of aluminium potassium sulfate dodecahydrate, copper(ll) sulfate pentahydrate, and iron(ll) chloride tetrahydrate were evaluated after the pre/post mordanting.