• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2024

Reports of a global decline in pollinator populations, especially mason bees, have raised concerns regarding the maintenance of pollination interactions. Although addressing local factors causing bee decline is a potential mitigation strategy at the landscape scale, regional rates and high-latitude threats to bee diversity are unclear. We investigated the distribution of mason bees (Osmia. spp. (O. pedicornis, O. corniforns, O. taurus, and O. satoi) and measured species richness and species ratios at regional, latitudinal, and altitudinal scales. We examined the association between bee species richness and three putative environmental conditions: high-low, altitude-dependent, and latitude-dependent. The species richness of the O. pedicornis bee was the highest and it was found between latitudes 35° and 37°, and at 500-600 m in both the northern and southern hemispheres, showing an inverse latitudinal gradient of bee species richness in South Korea. Mason bee species richness and global climate are important predictors of flowering plant diversity. Climate change threatens bee and vascular plant diversity; however, the overlap between bee abundance and plant diversity can be improved by employing suitable conservation strategies.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.471-484
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• 1994

The forest vegetation types and their structural characteristics in Mt. $Mud\v{u}ng$ were investigated by classification method and ordination method. The forest was classified into 7 communities by ristic composition table: Quercus monogolica community, Q. serrata community, Q.acutissima community, Q.variabilis community, Q.dentata community, Pinus densiflora community and Frainus mandshurica community. Considering the moisture gradient, two kinds of distributuin pattern were shown as follows; F. mandshurica, Q. acturissima, Platycarya strobilacea and Staphylea bumalda were distribute at moist habitats, while Q. monogolica, P. densiflora and Q.variabilis at dry habitats. In continuum analysis, each population occupied different distribution area but it was continuously overlapped. On the successional trends of tree species, it is postulated that Q. mongolica species might dominate the altitudinal zone over 700m.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 1997

Diversity or richness and altitudinal distribution of subtribe Carabinae were investigated on Mt. Togyusan in Korea. Of the collected seven species belonging to 4 genera, Carabus sternbergi was the most abundant and Leptocarabus semiopacus and L. seishinensis were relatively abundant than the other species. Although species diversity and species richness indices were higher at the crown site than those at lower sites, more indivisuals were found at low sites. There were relatively more females.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.149-163
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• 2015

The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity of woody species at different altitudes (900 to 2600 m asl) in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS) and its adjoining areas in Garhwal Himalaya, India. A total of 94 woody plant species (including 44 tree and 50 shrub species) belonging to 72 genera and 44 families were reported. Density varied from $235{\pm}9$ to $505{\pm}21trees\;ha^{-1}$ and $4,730{\pm}474$ to $9,530{\pm}700shrubs\;ha^{-1}$. Total basal cover varied from $10.49{\pm}0.66$ to $42.92{\pm}2.57m^2ha^{-1}$ (trees) and $0.36{\pm}0.024$ to $0.62{\pm}0.047m^2ha^{-1}$ (shrubs). Shannon-Wiener Index fluctuated between 2.30 to 3.53 (trees) and 2.74 to 3.78 (shrubs). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that altitude and aspect had significant effect on the distribution of woody species. Taxonomically, Rosaceae with 15 species emerged as the dominant family. Low value of maturity index and contiguous distribution of species denoted the early successional status of the studied forests. The conservation assessment based on altitudinal regimes and the information on species structure and function can provide baseline information for monitoring and sustaining the biodiversity.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2020

The vertical distribution of vegetation can be classified according to the altitudinal gradient and the distribution of species along this gradient. The purpose of this study was to analyze the vegetation structure, species composition, dimensional density, and change according to altitude. These data illustrate the distribution of coniferous forest by altitude. By order of importance, the vegetation structure of this mixed forest consisted of Abies nephrolepis (12.2), Pinus koraiensis (10.86), and Acer komarovii (8.11). As a result of species composition according to the altitude, A. nephrolepis and Maianthemum bifolium increased in importance with increasing altitude. Tripterygium regelii emerged between 1,400 m and 1,600 m, which indicates that forest gaps were frequent at that elevation. The species diversity index was the highest from 1,400-1,500 m and coincided with the presence of forest gaps. The changes in A. nephrolepis of evergreen conifers increased significantly from 402 ± 5.4 ha.^-1 to 528 ± 11.6 ha.^-1 for two years, and decreased from 57 ± 1.3 ha.^-1 to 56 ± 1.6 ha.^-1 for P. koraiensis. The density of A. nephrolepis and P. koraiensis seedlings significantly increased at 1,500-1,600 m. The results of this study can be used as a basis to identify the mast seeding year with the increase or decrease of seedlings. In addition to documenting the evergreen conifer population of the Seorak Mountain, these results can be built upon for future monitoring of seedlings mortality.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.313-322
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• 2018

To investigate the changing patterns of sub-alpine forest vegetation due to climate change requires accumulation of contiguous reference data and continuous monitoring. Furthermore, it is crucial to monitor short-term ecological change of lower level vegetation to understand the trend of long-term vegetation change. Therefore, this study carried out a vegetation survey and tree diameter measurement in 36 plots of Mt. Jiri inhabited by Abies koreana species from 2015 to 2017 to examine the short-term dynamics of Abies koreana seedling and the change of vegetation distribution according to altitude. We analyzed the importance value and MIV (mean importance value) of major species by each stratum as well as the importance value and species diversity index of major species and the change of seedling population by altitude. The results showed that Abies koreana had the highest importance value on tree layer, Rhododendron schlippenbachii on shrub layer and Tripterygium regelii on herb layer. MIV was high in the order of Abies koreana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Acer pseudosieboldianum. Regarding the species composition and species diversity index (H') along the altitudinal gradient, Sasa borealis showed high MI and low H' in the elevation less than 1,500 m, and IV of Tripterygium regelii and H' of herb layer were high in the elevation of 1,700 - 1,800 m. Abies koreana seedling decreased by 22.4% from 1,250 n/ha in 2015 to 970 n/ha in 2017 (p <0.05) throughout the investigated area. The decline rate along seedling and sapling height were 22.9% in less than 10 cm, 3.4% in 10-30 cm, 8.9% in 30-50 cm, 39.3% in 50-100 cm, and 55.1% more than 100 cm. Few of A. koreana seedlings appeared due to the dominance of Sasa borealis in the elevation of 1,500 m or less and due to the dominance and high species diversity of Tripterygium regelii in the elevation of 1,700-1,800 m. On the other hand, many of A. koreana seedlings appeared in the elevation of 1,600-1,700 m due to no distribution of S. borealis and T. regelii species in that altitude range. Therefore, we concluded that those seedlings and saplings of A. koreana could be more stable in the altitude of 1,600-1,700 m.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2007

Quantitative analysis of distribution characteristics of soils in Jeju Island was conducted by using geographic information system (GIS) technology. Soil series could be classified 5 groups after cluster analysis with proximity ratios among soil series which mean ratios of boundary lengths of other soils to total boundary length. Classification with proximity only was similar to conventional classification system at detailed soil map although conventional system was made from several criteria such as soil color, altitude and chemical characteristics of soils. Altitudinal sequence of soil series was also suggested from representative altitudes of them which could be found from areal distribution curve along altitudes. The sequence was brown forest soils - black soils - very dark brown soils - dark brown soils from the peak of Halla Mt. to the coast on all sides, which maybe related to pedogenesis process in Jeju Island.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2020

This study investigated the dominant species and the population variation of the ant species, an indicator species of biodiversity, to obtain basic data on the changes of population according to the future climate change. The survey period was from June to September 2013, and we investigated the distribution of ants by square irradiation method (10m × 10m) using traps. The survey in each altitude identified a total of 14 species of 11 genera in 3 subfamilies and collected 15,466 individuals. We confirmed the distribution of 4,548 individuals of 13 species at low altitude (700m), and the dominant species was Aphaenogaster japonica (49.9%). At the middle altitude (900m), we collected 9,129 individuals of 8 species, and the dominant species was Pheidole fervida (57.7%). At high altitude (1,100m), we identified 1,789 individuals of 10 species, and Myrmica kotokui (43.3%) was the dominant species. It was confirmed that Aphaenogaster japonica, Nylanderia flavipes, and Pheidole fervida were widely distributed throughout the altitudes.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.75-84
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• 2023

Background: Knowledge of the spatial trends of plant invasions in different habitats is essential for a better understanding of the process of these invasions. We examined the variation in invasive alien plant species (IAS) richness and composition at two spatial scales defined by elevation and habitat types (roadside, forest, and cultivated lands) in the Makawanpur district of Nepal. Following an elevation gradient ranging from 500 to 2,400 m asl along a mountain road, plant species cover was recorded within sample plots of size 10 m × 5 m. Systematic random sampling was adopted in every 100 m elevation intervals on three habitat types. Results: Altogether 18 invasive alien plants belonging to eight families were recorded within 60 plots, of which 14 species (representing 80%) were from tropical North and South America. The most common plants by their frequency were Ageratina adenophora, Chromolaena odorata, Bidens pilosa, Lantana camara, and Parthenium hysterophorus. We found a significant relationship between species composition and elevation in the study area. Low-elevation regions had a higher number of alien species as compared to high-elevation regions within different habitat types. Conclusions: The species richness and density of IAS were higher in the road site followed by the cultivated land and forest sites. This pattern occurred throughout the elevation range and habitats. IAS were found mostly in the open land with high sunlight availability. Information from such scientific assessment of invasive alien plants will assist in developing appropriate management plans in the Makawanpur district.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.2
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• pp.235-241
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• 1988

This study was carried out to identify the variation of culm characteristics of Phyllostachys bambusoides associated with attitudinal gradient in Mt. Jiri. The results obtained were summarized as follows : It was estimated that the average temperature at the altitude of 400 meters of Mt. Jiri was $12^{\circ}C$ which was closely associated with the horizontal distributions. It was observed that frequency distribution of the culm height, D.E.H. and clear length from the altitude of 200 meters to 400 meters shown at higher than that from 500 meters to 600 meters, and that frequency of clear length/culm height showed about equal for both altitude ranges. In the case of culm height, D.E.H. and clear length/culm height, coefficients of variation ranged from 15 percent to 25 percent, and those of clear length were over 25 percent for both altitude ranges. It was observed that culm height, D.E.H., clear length and clear length/culm height among each altitude ranges were significant at the 1 percent level. The Duncan's Test of culm characteristics among altitude ranges distinguished bamboos of below 400 meters from bamboos of over 500 meters. The correlation coefficients among culm characteristics of Phyllostachys bambusoides associated with attitudinal gradient were shown to be highly significant. In conclusion, the variation of calm characteristics of Phyllostachys bambusoides was large for below 400 meters and these results suggest that planting of the species should be done below 400 meters.