• Journal of the Korean Graphic Arts Communication Society
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.45-56
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• 2012

Printing technology is accepted by appropriate technology that smart phones, tablet PC, display(LCD, OLED, etc.) precision recently in the electronics industry, the market grows, this process in the ongoing efforts to improve competitiveness through the development of innovative technologies. So printed electronics appeared by new concept. This technology development is applied on electronic components and circuits for the simplification of the production process and reduce processing costs. Low-temperature process making possible for widening, slimmer, lighter, and more flexible, plastic substrates, such as(flexible) easily by forming a thin film on a substrate has been studied. In the past, the formation of the electrode used a screen printing method. But the screen printing method is formation of fine patterns, high-speed printing, mass production is difficult. The roll-to-roll printing method as an alternative to screen printing to produce electronic devices by printing techniques that were used traditionally in the latest technology and processing techniques applied to precision control are very economical to implement fine-line printing equipment has been evaluated as. In order to function as electronic devices, especially the dozens of existing micro-level of non-dot print fine line printing is required, the line should not break at all, because according to the specifications required to fit the ink transfer conditions should be established. In this study of roll-to-roll printing conductive paste suitable for gravure offset printing by developing Ag paste for forming fine patterns to study the basic physical properties with the aim of this study were to.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.5021-5028
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• 2015

Previous studies have considered the permeability and construction method of paving materials, thus focusing on more practical issues rather than basic research of their properties. The present study investigated the possibility of using an elastic paving material having lesser thickness in the resurfacing of existing concrete or asphalt paved areas while satisfying the necessary conditions of resilience and water permeability. An alternative to complete reconstruction would reduce the amount of resource wastage and environmental pollution, as well as the cost of projects. This study investigated five variants of thickness (10, 13, 15, 20, 25mm) and three mixing ratios of binder to rubber chips (20, 22.5, 25%) to ascertain the ideal basic properties of each. The obtained test data revealed that a minimum thickness(10~25mm) of the elastic paving materials can be determined from a qualitative point of view, and alternatives should be provided to improve the durability of the paving material on account of the temperature sensitivity.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.409-419
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• 2001

The reference study was performed to investigate the nursing importance which was based a theoretical background related to horticultural therapy and to examine the possibility which horticultural therapy was applicable as a nursing intervention through analysis on a preceding study. The research subjects related to the areas of horticultural therapy which related as a nursing intervention, were psychological, physical, environmental, and psycho-social aspects. It is judged that the horticultural therapy is effective in treating depression, emotional disruption or anxiety. It seems to be also effective in increasing the muscular tension and, thereby, expanding the scope of joint movements. Such theories show that horticultural therapy may be a good alternative nursing means. Plants act to create a pleasant interior atmosphere by generating anion, controlling the temperature and humidity and purifying the air, and therefore, the horticultural therapy may be applied to clinic or environmental therapy. When horticultural therapy is used as a nursing intervention, patients' sociopsychological needs may be fulfilled. It has been found that horticultural therapy is instrumental in treating perceptive or emotional disruption, depression, loss of self-respect, disrupted everyday activities and social behaviors. In particular, horticultural therapy seems to be effective in managing chronic patients' crisis or improving life quality. Intervention method applied on a preceding study was activity therapy and scene therapy in the horticultural therapy The above findings suggest that the pro-environmental horticultural therapy is useful as a new paradigm of nursing or holistic nursing conducive to improvement of health. So, it is desirable to prove its effects by applying it in the clinic. In order to apply horticultural therapy as a nursing intervention, it will be necessary to educate nurses on principles and methods of horticultural therapy and encourage them to apply it in nursing and clinics. Moreover, it may well be necessary to develop landscape therapy as nursing intervention as well as a variety of horticultural therapy programs befitting the clinic conditions. On the other hand, we need to provide for some scientific ground for horticultural therapy through continued studies. In this regard, this study which focuses on patients' health improvement through change of environment. may well provide for a framework for such studies.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2015

As an alternative fuel that can be used in SI engine, LPG is one of clean fuels with larger H/C ratio compared to gasoline, low $CO_2$ emission, and small amount of pollutants such as sulfur compounds. When LPG is used in spark ignition engine, volumetric efficiency of the engine can be improved and pumping loss can be reduced by performing direct injection into the combustion chamber instead of port fuel injection. LPG-DI engine allows for lean combustion and stratified combustion under low load. In case of stratified combustion, air fuel ratio can be greatly increased compared to theoretic mixture ratio combustion. Improved thermal efficiency of the engine and reduced pumping loss can be expected from stratified combustion. Accordingly in this study, an experimental apparatus for visualization was designed and manufactured to study the combustion process of LPG after injection and ignition, intended to examine ignition probability and combustion characteristics of spark ignition direct injection(SIDI) LPG fuel. Ambient pressure, ambient temperature and fuel injection pressure were found as important variables that affect ignition probability and flame propagation characteristics of LPG-air mixture. Also, it was verified that the injected LPG fuel can be directly ignited by spark plug under appropriate ambient conditions.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.281-294
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• 2012

Filtration using granular media such as quarried sand, anthracite and granular activated carbon is a well-known technique used in both water and wastewater treatment. A relatively new pre-filtration method called pebble matrix filtration (PMF) technology has been proved effective in treating high turbidity water during heavy rain periods that occur in many parts of the world. Sand and pebbles are the principal filter media used in PMF laboratory and pilot field trials conducted in the UK, Papua New Guinea and Serbia. However during first full-scale trials at a water treatment plant in Sri Lanka in 2008, problems were encountered in sourcing the required uniform size and shape of pebbles due to cost, scarcity and Government regulations on pebble dredging. As an alternative to pebbles, hand-made clay pebbles (balls) were fired in a kiln and their performance evaluated for the sustainability of the PMF system. These clay balls within a filter bed are subjected to stresses due to self-weight and overburden, therefore, it is important that clay balls should be able to withstand these stresses in water saturated conditions. In this paper, experimentally determined physical properties including compression failure load (Uniaxial Compressive Strength) and tensile strength at failure (theoretical) of hand-made clay balls are described. Hand-made clay balls fired between the kiln temperatures of $875^{\circ}C$ to $960^{\circ}C$ gave failure loads of between 3.0 kN and 7.1 kN. In another test when clay balls were fired to $1250^{\circ}C$ the failure load was 35.0 kN compared to natural Scottish cobbles with an average failure load of 29.5 kN. The uniaxial compressive strength of clay balls obtained by experiment has been presented in terms of the tensile yield stress of clay balls. Based on the effective stress principle in soil mechanics, a method for the estimation of maximum theoretical load on clay balls used as filter media is proposed and compared with experimental failure loads.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.894-899
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• 2007

An experiment was conducted using a [6, 6-$^2H$]glucose isotope dilution method to determine the effects of plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) on plasma glucose metabolism in sheep taken from a thermoneutral environment and exposed to a hot environment. The sheep were fed either mixed hay (MH) of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) at a 60:40 ratio or MH and plantain (PL) at a 9:1 ratio in a crossover design for each 23-day period. In both dietary treatments the metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein intake were designed to be isoenergetic and isoproteinous at around maintenance level. The sheep were taken from a thermoneutral environment ($20^{\circ}C$, 70% RH) and exposed to a hot environment ($28-30^{\circ}C$, 70% RH) for 5 days. The isotope dilution method using a single injection of [6, 6-$^2H$]glucose was performed on the $18^{th}$ day of the thermoneutral environment and on the $5^{th}$ day of heat exposure. Plasma glucose pool size was numerically lower (p = 0.26) during heat exposure on both dietary treatments, and numerically higher (p = 0.13) on the MH diet irrespective of environmental temperature. Plasma NEFA concentration (p = 0.01) and glucose turnover rate (p = 0.03) were decreased during heat exposure, but remained similar between diets. It could be concluded that, although no positive impact of plantain on glucose metabolism was found under the present experimental conditions (plantain constituted only 10% of basal diet), plantain herb is an alternative to MH for rearing sheep in both thermoneutral and hot environments.

• KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems
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• v.4B no.2
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• pp.86-91
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• 2004

PV power generation, which directly converts solar radiation into electricity, contains numerous significant advantages. It is inexhaustible and pollution-free, silent, contains no rotating parts, and has size-independent electricity conversion efficiency. The positive environmental effect of photovoltaics is that it replaces the more polluting methods of electricity generation or that it provides electricity where none was available before. This paper highlights a novel simple method to abstract the entire parameters of the solar cell. In development, design and operation of PV power generation systems, a technique for constructing V-I curves under different levels of solar irradiance and cell temperature conditions using basic characteristic values of the PV module is required. Everyone who has performed manual acquisition and analysis of solar cell I versus V data would agree that the job is tedious and time-consuming. A better alternative is to use an automated curve tracer to print out the I versus V curves and compute the four major parameters; $V_{oc}$, $I_{sc}$, FF, and . Generally, the V-I curve tracer indicates only the commonly used solar cell parameters. However, with the conventional V-I curve tracer it is almost impossible to abstract the more detailed parameters of the solar cell; A, $R_{s}$ and $R_{sh}$ , which satisfies the user, who aims at the analysis of the development of the PV power generation system, that being advanced simulation. In this paper, the proposed method provides us with satisfactory results to enable us to abstract the detailed parameters of the solar cell; A, $R_s$ and $R_{sh}$.>.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2017

In recent years, the demand for ships and offshore platforms that can navigate and operate through the Arctic Ocean has been rapidly increasing due to global warming and large reservoirs of oil and natural gas in the area. Winterization design is one of the key issues to consider in the robust structural safety design and building of ships that operate in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions. However, international regulations for winterization design in Arctic condition regulated that only those ships and offshore platforms with a Polar Class designation and/or an alternative standard. In order to cope with the rising demand for operating in the Arctic region, existing and new Arctic vessels with a Polar Class designation are lacking to cover for adequate winterization design with HSE philosophy. Existing ships and offshore platform was not designed based on reliable data based on numerical and experiment studies. There are only designed as a performance and functional purposes. It is very important to obtain of reliable data and provide of design guidance of the anti-icing structures by taking the effects of low temperature into consideration. Therefore, the main objective of this paper reconsiders anti-icing design of aluminum helideck using the heating cable. To evaluate of reliable data and recommend of anti-icing design method, various types of analysis and methods can be applied in general. In the present study, finite element method carried out the thermal analysis with cold chamber testing for performance and capacity of heating cables.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-37
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• 1997

The synthesis of high purity and ultra-fine $BaTiO_{3}$ by precipitation with gaseous $NH_{3}$ as precipitator was investigated to find an alternative process to solve various problems of present wet methods. This study consisted of two parts ; synthesis of $BaTiO_{3}$ precipitation with gaseous $NH_{3}$ and test of electrical property for the $La_{2}O_{3}$ doped $BaTiO_{3}$. The proper condition for the synthesis of $BaTiO_{3}$ by precipitation with gaseous $NH_{3}$ is as follows. The pH was 9.0. $H_{2}O_{2}$ mole ratio to $TiCl_{4}$ was 10. $NH_{3}$ gas follow rate did not influence the synthesis of $BaTiO_{3}$. The calcination temperature of $BaTiO_{3}$ was $300^{\circ}C$. Also, the synthesis of $La_{2}O_{3}$-doped $BaTiO_{3}$ was tested through the wet process. Under these condition, the shape of prepared $BaTiO_{3}$ powder was spherical type and the size of that was about $0.2{\mu}m$. After the powder was pressed, this green body was sintered at the $1300^{\circ}C$. Under these conditions, the water absorptance and the density of the obtained sintered body were below 0.04 %, 5.2 g/$cm^{3}$, respectively. Also the grain size of that was about $10{\mu}m$ and it was similar to commercial product.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.563-572
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• 2012

Unlike water applications, the photocatalytic technique utilizing light-emitting-diodes as an alternative light source to conventional lamp has rarely been applied for low-level indoor air purification. Accordingly, this study investigated the applicability of UV-LED to annular-type photocatalytic reactor for removal of indoor-level benzene and toluene at a low concentration range associated with indoor air quality issues. The characteristics of photocatalyst was determined using an X-ray diffraction meter and a scanning electron microscope. The photocatalyst baked at $350^{\circ}C$ exhibited the highest photocatalytic degradation efficiencies(PDEs) for both benzene and toluene, and the photocatalysts baked at three higher temperatures(450, 550, and $650^{\circ}C$) did similar PDEs for these compounds. The average PDEs over a 3-h period were 81% for benzene and close to 100% for toluene regarding the photocatalyst baked at $350^{\circ}C$, whereas they were 61 and 74% for benzene and toluene, respectively, regarding the photocatalyst baked at $650^{\circ}C$. As the light intensity increased from 2.4 to 3.5 MW $cm^{-1}$, the average PDE increased from 36 to 81% and from 44% to close to 100% for benzene and toluene, respectively. In addition, as the flow rate increased from 0.1 to 0.5 L $min^{-1}$, the average PDE decreased from 81% to close to zero and from close to 100% to 7% for benzene and toluene, respectively. It was found that the annular-type photocatalytic reactor inner-inserted with UV-LEDs can effectively be applied for the decomposition of low-level benzene and toluene under the operational conditions used in this study.