• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.467-480
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• 1999

Many antinutritional and toxic factors abound in tropical seeds, which are also generally rich in nutrients and therefore more prone to attack from herbivores. Antinutritional and toxic factors are considered to defend seeds against environmental vagaries and thus help to protect them. These factors though good for the plant, cause deleterious effects or are even toxic to animals and man. The conventional seeds cultivated for oil or non-oil purposes, and general aspects of antinutritional factors are not presented here as these have already been discussed widely by many workers. Deficits in conventional protein and energy sources in the tropics have stimulated a quest for alternative feeds both for animals and humans. This article attempts to highlight two new oilseed crops, Jatropha curcas and Moringa oleifera, and in addition deals with some under-utilized seeds with potential as animal feed. Most of these seed plants are adapted to various marginal growing conditions in the tropics and can help to mitigate the prevailing deficit in protein and energy sources. Antinutritional and toxic factors in seed or seed meal, various approaches to detoxify seed meal, and future research and development priorities for their exploitation as animal feeds are presented.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.236-242
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• 1995

Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens by the addition of antagonistic microorganisms to the soil may offer a practical supplement or alternative to existing disease management strategies that depend heavily on chemical pesticides. Soil amendment with antagonistic microbes was non-effective because of high cost, low efficacy, and inconvenient usage on the treatment course. Therefore, seed coating formulation for the application of biological seed treatments has been being to apply successful disease suppression for many important crops. The objectives of this study were to investigate the optimal condition for the spore production of biocontrol agent Bacillus subtilis YBL-7 and the liquid coating formulation that contained a suspension of a proper aqueous binder, as well as a ground fine solid particulate material. The maximum yield has been obtained from 60 hrs-old culture at 30$\circ$C in spore forming (SF) medium containing 0.8% nutrient broth, 0.05% yeast extract, 10$^{-1}$ M MgCl$^{2}$, 10$^{-4}$ M MnCl$^{2}$, 10$^{-5}$ M dipicolinic acid, and pH 6.5. The optimal condition of dried spore preparation was achieved when cells of B. subtilis YBL-7 was heat-dried with 50$\circ$C for 2 hrs.

• 한국식물병리학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.268-277
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• 1998

The production of Korean ginseng, one of the most important medicinal root crops, is limited by many factors including soil sickness, root rots in fields as well as during storage prior to consumption. Although much research has been conducted on the diseases in field condition, little information is available on the control of postharvest roots rots. To obtain better management strategy of postharvest root rots in ginseng, biological control using antagonistic bacteria was attempted. Of 208 bacteria obtained form suppressive soil samples, 4 were selected based on the inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of two major causal fungi for postharvest root rots in ginseng, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium solani. The culture filtrates of these bacterial antagonists greatly inhibited the conidial germination of both pathogenic fungi and produced abnormal morphology such as swollen germ tubes in F. solani and vacuolation of nongerminated conidia in B. cinerea. The population levels of bacterial antagonists on the ginseng roots were gradually increased up to 8 days of incubation. Postharvest root rots of ginseng caused by f. solani and B. cinerea were controlled in dipping tests in the ranges of 60∼80% by antagonistic Bacillus spp. obtained from suppressive soil. These results suggest that biological control using these antagonistic bacteria would be an alternative strategy to control postharvest root rots in ginseng.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2013

Over the past decades, carbon dioxide concentration of the atmosphere of the world has increased significantly, and thereby the greenhouse effect has become a social issue. To solve this problem, new renewable energy sources including solar, hydrogen, geothermal, wind and bio-energy are suggested as alternatives. Among these new energy sources, bio-energy crops are widely introduced and under rapid progress. For example, corn and oilseed rape plants are used for the production of bio-ethanol and bio-diesel, respectively. However, grain prices has increased severely because of the use of corn for bio-ethanol production. Therefore, non-edible switchgrass draws attention as an alternative source for bio-ethanol production in USA. This review describes the shortage of fossil energy and an importance of switchgrass as a bio-energy crop. Also, some characteristics of its major cultivars are introduced including growth habit, total output of biomass yields. Furthermore, biotechnological approaches have been conducted to improve the productivity of switchgrass using tissue culture and genetic transformation.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2011

The non-edible plant Jatropha curcas L. is one of the most promising feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production as it is not a source of edible vegetable oils, produces high amounts of oil (approx. 30-60% in dry seeds) and does not require high-cost maintenance. However, as with other undomesticated crops, the cultivation of J. curcas presents several drawbacks, such as low productivity and susceptibility to pests. Hence, varietal improvement by genetic engineering is essential if J. curcas is to become a viable alternative source of biodiesel. There is to date no well-established and efficient transformation system for J. curcas. In this study, we tested various physical wounding treatments, such as sonication and sand-vortexing, with the aim of developing an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for J. curcas. The highest stable transformation rate (53%) was achieved when explants were subjected to 1 min of sonication followed by 9 min of shaking in Agrobacterium suspension. The transformation frequency achieved using this protocol is the highest yet reported for J. curcas.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.176-180
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• 2015

Postharvest diseases cause losses in a wide variety of crops around the world. Irradiation, a useful nonchemical approach, has been used as an alternative treatment for fungicide to control plant fungal pathogens. For a preliminary study, ionizing radiations (gamma, X-ray, or e-beam irradiation) were evaluated for their antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer through mycelial growth, spore germination, and morphological analysis under various conditions. Different fungi exhibited different radiosensitivity. The inhibition of fungal growth showed in a dose-dependent manner. Three fungal pathogens have greater sensitivity to the e-beam treatment compared to gamma or X-ray irradiations. The inactivation of individual fungal-viability to different irradiations can be considered between 3-4 kGy for B. cinerea and 1-2 kGy for P. expansum and R. stolonifer based on the radiosensitive and radio-resistant species, respectively. These preliminary data will provide critical information to control postharvest diseases through radiation.

• Mycobiology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.376-384
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• 2014

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is one of the most important medicinal crops in many parts of the world. In this study, the effects of microelements, antioxidants, and bioagents on Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, and Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal pathogens of root rot and wilt diseases in roselle, were examined under field conditions. Preliminary studies were carried out in vitro in order to select the most effective members to be used in field control trials. Our results showed that microelements (copper and manganese), antioxidants (salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, and EDTA), a fungicide (Dithane M45) and biological control agents (Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis) were significantly reduced the linear growth of the causal pathogens. Additionally, application of the previous microelements, antioxidants, a fungicide and biological control agents significantly reduced disease incidence of root rot and wilt diseases under field conditions. Copper, salicylic acid, and T. harzianum showed the best results in this respect. In conclusion, microelements, antioxidants, and biocontrol agents could be used as alternative strategies to fungicides for controlling root rot and wilt diseases in roselle.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.103-108
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• 1998

The Canadian production of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) occurs mainly in Ontario, British Columbia and the Atlantic provinces. Although ginseng is a profitable crop, its successful production is dependent on careful consideration of cultural management f include site selection, site preparation, seed selection and handling, shading actors which and mulching, pest and nutritional management, and handling of harvested crops. Diseases of particular concern in Atlantic Canada are root rots caused by Phytopkthora cactorum, Cylindrocarpon destructans and Fusarium sp. Recently two systemic fungicides (metalaxyl and fosetylal) were registered; however, growers in Atlantic Canada have experienced metalaxyl resistance resulting from the reliance on this single compound for the control of Phytophthora sap. Current research being conducted on alternative control of these diseases will be discussed. In weed control research, 2, 4-D, MCPA, clopyralid have continued to show promise for weed contro1 at low rates. In trials to evaluate non-selective herbicides as post-senescence or pre-emergence in ginseng, glyphosate (Round-up) provided control of perennials as well as willowherb and lambsquarters. In phytoxicity trials, ginseng significantly tolerated grass herbicides, including clethodim, rimsulfuron, trakloxydim, nicosulfuron and fenoxyprop. For broadleaf herbicides, significant tolerance was shown for bromoxynil, thifensulfuron methyl, flumetulam/clopyralid, thifensulfuro/tribenuron. Disease and weed management of ginseng in Atlantic Canada will be discussed.

• 에너지공학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.54-61
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• 2017

In general, solid waste arises from lots of human activities such as domestic, agricultural, industrial, commercial, waste water treatment, construction, and mining activities etc. If the waste is not properly disposal and treated, it will have a negative impact to the environment, and hygienic conditions in urban areas and pollute the air with greenhouse gases (GHG), ground water, as well as the soil and crops. In this paper, the Carbon Resources Recycling Appropriate Technology Center feasibility studies are reported at Bantayan Island, Philippines on the municipal solid waste management. The present objective of our study is to characterize the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash and case study of MSWI production status in Bantayan, Philippines. Currently, wide variety of smart technologies available for MSWI management in developed countries. Recycling is the other major alternative process for MSWI landfill issues. In this paper, the feasibility studies of applied appropriate technologies for the municipal solid waste generation in Bantayan Island, Philippines are reported.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.126-135
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• 2022

Background: Pollinators are important ecological elements due to their role in the maintenance of ecosystem health, wild plant reproduction, crop production and food security. The pollinator-plant interaction supports the preservation of plant and animal populations and it also improves the yield in pollination dependent crops. Having knowledge about the plant-pollinator interaction is necessary for development of pesticide risk assessment of pollinators and conservation of endangering species. Results: Traditional methods to discover the relatedness of insects and plants are based on tracing the visiting pollinators by field observations as well as palynology. These methods are time-consuming and needs expert taxonomists to identify different groups of pollinators such as insects or identify flowering plants through palynology. With pace of technology, using molecular methods become popular in identification and classification of organisms. DNA metabarcoding, which is the combination of DNA barcoding and high throughput sequencing, can be applied as an alternative method in identification of mixed origin environmental samples such as pollen loads attached to the body of insects and has been used in DNA-based discovery of plant-pollinator relationship. Conclusions: DNA metabarcoding is practical for plant-pollinator studies, however, lack of reference sequence in online databases, taxonomic resolution, universality of primers are the most crucial limitations. Using multiple molecular markers is preferable due to the limitations of developed universal primers, which improves taxa richness and taxonomic resolution of the studied community.