• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.246-250
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• 1995

토천궁(土川芎)의 종묘비(種苗費) 절감(節減)과 증식율(增殖率)을 향상시키기 위하여 소목번식(掃木繁殖)에 대한 시험을 수행(遂行)한 결과를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1, 삽수(揷穗)의 종류에 따른 발근률(發根率)은 1년생과 2년생에서 채취한 삽수간(揷穗間)에는 큰 차이가 없였고, 삽수(揷穗)의 부위(部位)에 따라 차이가 심하였으며, 첫째마디 부위(部位)를 삽목(揷木)할 패는 $90{\sim}l00%$, 둘째마디 부위(部位)는 $56{\sim}64%$ 발근(發根)되어 효과적이었다. 2. 1년생과 2년생에서 채취한 첫째마디 부위(部位) 삽목시(揷木時) 1개월 후에는 발근률(發根率) 90%이상, 삽수당(揷穗當) 발근수(發根數) 16개 이상, 발근장(發根長) 31cm이상 발육(發育)되었다. 2. 발근촉진(發根促進) 물질(物質)에 따른 발근상태(發根狀態)는 Rootone-F 발근처리(發根處理)와 NAA 250ppm에서 가장 효과적이었다. 4, 상토(床土)에 따른 발근률(發根率)은 모래가 18%로 가장 좋았으며, vermiculite와 perlite를 1 : 1혼합한 상토(床土)의 발근상태(發根狀態)와 유사하였고 기경지 밭흙은 현저히 감소되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.279-290
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• 2022

본 연구는 겨울철 휴한기에 동계 풋거름작물 재배 및 토양에 환원하여 고추 비가림 친환경 재배 시 원료가 대부분 수입되고 있는 유박 비료를 양분적으로 대체 가능한지 알아보고자 수행하였다. 처리구는 유박 시용구, 보리 단파구, 헤어리베치 단파구와 보리/헤어리베치 혼파구로 풋거름작물을 통한 질소공급량은 보리 단파구에서 ha당 172 kg이었으며, 헤어리베치 단파구에서 193 kg, 보리/헤어리베치 혼파구는 198 kg로 질소 표준 시비량 보다는 적었으나 토양 검정에 의한 질소 기비 요구량 보다는 많았다. C/N율은 풋거름작물 중 두과인 헤어리베치가 11.8로 가장 낮아 유박과 비슷한 값을 보였으며 화본과인 보리는 30.6으로 가장 높았다. 고추의 초장은 C/N율이 높은 보리 단파구가 헤어리베치 단파구와 보리/헤어리베치 혼파구보다 낮은 값을 보였으며, 고추 초기 수량에서도 보리 단파구가 다른 풋거름작물 파종구보다 낮은 수량을 보였다. 총 수량은 보리/헤어리베치 혼파구가 가장 많았지만 모든 처리구에서 유의적인 수량 차이는 없었다. 즉 헤어리베치 단용재배와 보리/헤어리베치 혼용재배 시 고추 수량 측면에서 초기 수량 및 총 수량이 유박을 시용한 처리구와 큰 차이가 없었으나, 풋거름 작물만으로는 토양검정으로 요구되는 총 질소 요구량을 전량 대체하기는 어려웠다. 본 연구는 단년에 이루어져 풋거름작물의 유박 비료 대체 가능성을 정확히 평가하기 위해서는 토양특성, 재배연차 및 재배방식 등을 세분화하여 지속적으로 연구가 수행되어져야 할 것이다.

• 환경생물
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.538-543
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• 2018

흰가루병은 시설 재배 박과류 작물에 광범위하게 발생하여 큰 경제적 피해를 유발하는 병으로서 흰가루병에 의한 피해를 예방하기 위해 실제 현장에서 사용할 수 있는 효과적인 방제체계의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 시설오이 재배지의 흰가루병에 대해 오이흰가루병에 등록된 서로 다른 계통의 4개 약제와 2종의 유기농 자재의 약제 교호살포체계별 방제효과를 조사하였다. Pyraclostrobin EC (Pyr, a.i. 22.9%), Hexaconazole SC (Hex, a.i. 2%), Flutianil EC (Flu, a.i. 5%), Penthiopyrad EC (Pen, a.i. 20%) 등 4종의 화학약제를 단일약제 반복처리 및 조합처리 방식으로 총 3회 처리한 결과 $Pyr{\rightarrow}Flu{\rightarrow}Pen$ 처리구는 87%의 높은 방제가를 나타낸 반면, Pyr 연속 3회 처리구는 32.5%의 낮은 방제가를 나타내어 해당 약제에 대한 저항성이 있음을 확인하였다. $Pyr{\rightarrow}Flu{\rightarrow}Pen$ 처리구와 보호용 살균제인 Iminoctadine-tris-albesilate SC (Imi)를 처리한 구 그리고 유기농 자재 2종의 교호살포 처리구의 방제가를 조사한 결과 $Imi{\rightarrow}Flu{\rightarrow}Pen$ 처리구의 방제가는 89%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 유기농자재 교차살포 처리구의 방제가는 66.3%로 나타났다. 시험 결과를 바탕으로 $Pyr{\rightarrow}Flu{\rightarrow}Pen$, $Imi{\rightarrow}Flu{\rightarrow}Pen$ 처리구는 시설 오이 재배지 내 발생하는 흰가루병 피해를 최소화할 수 있는 효과적인 약제교호살포체계로 생각된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.245-251
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• 2015

Alternative hosts increase the difficulty of disease management in crops because these alternate hosts provide additional sources of primary inoculum or refuges for diversity in the pathogen gene pool. Agropyron cristatum (crested wheatgrass), Bromus inermis (smooth bromegrass), Pascopyrum smithii (western wheatgrass), Stipa viridula (green needlegrass), and Thinopyrum intermedium (intermediate wheatgrass), commonly identified in range, prairie, verge, and soil reclamation habitats, serve as additional hosts for Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, the cause of tan spot in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A. cristatum (five lines), B. inermis (seven lines), P. smithii (four lines), S. viridula (two lines), and T. intermedium (six lines) were tested for their reactions to 30 representative P. tritici-repentis isolates from races 1-5. Plants were grown until the two-three-leaf stage in a greenhouse, inoculated individually with the 30 isolates, held at high humidity for 24 h, and rated after 7 days. All lines developed lesion types 1-2 (resistant) based on a 1-5 rating scale. Also, leaves from an additional plant set were infiltrated with two host selective toxins, Ptr ToxA as a pure preparation and Ptr ToxB as a dilute crude culture filtrate. All lines were insensitive to the toxins. Results indicate that these grass hosts have a limited or nonsignificant role in tan spot epidemiology on wheat in the northern Great Plains. Additionally, the resistant reactions demonstrated by the grass species in this research indicate the presence of resistance genes that can be valuable to wheat breeding programs for improving wheat resistance to P. tritici-repentis.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2017

Bumblebees, more efficient than honeybees, provide important services for pollination especially in tomato, pepper, cucumber, strawberries and other crops grown under tunnel farming or glasshouse conditions to yield maximization. These bees require pollen and nectar to meet their dietary needs and maintain their colony structure, development and reproduction. Keeping in view their economic importance, the effect of five concentrations of sugar and honey solutions (1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, 2:1,1.5:1) each as alternative to nectar were used to observe their effect on life history parameters of Bombus terrestris. The 1:1 ratio of sugar solution was found most effective followed by 1.5:1, 1:1.5, 1:2 and 2:1 and also more effective of all five concentrations of honey solutions on all three stages of colony development i.e., at colony initiation, colony development and colony maturation stages. At colony initiation stage, early pre-oviposition period ($6.40{\pm}0.97$ days), early emergence of first worker in the first batch ($25.40{\pm}1.21$ days) and maximum numbers of workers ($6.20{\pm}0.24$) emergence in the first batch were observed at 1:1 ratio of sugar solution. Colonies reared on 1:1 ratio of sugar solution reached earlier ($52.13{\pm}1.28$ days) at colony foundation stage with minimum mortality ($3.27{\pm}0.54$ workers). At colony maturation stage, maximum numbers of workers, sexual (males, queens) and maximum mother queen longevity was observed at the same 1:1 ratio of sugar solution. It can be suggested from present study that sugar solution as alternative of nectar at 1:1 ratio was better than other sugar concentration levels and also from those of honey solution.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.261-268
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• 2011

The increasing demand of the crops (soybean and corn) for biofuel production has increased the focus of the animal nutritionists to look for alternative feeds, which are economic and environmental friendly. To identify microalgae as suitable candidate as an alternative feed, growth response of Chlorella vulgaris was studied under varying concentrations of carbon dioxide (0.07, 1.4, 3.0 and 5.0%) and photon densities (39.19, 72.97, 105.41, 116.22, 135.14, $175.68\;{\mu}mol/m^2/s$) by employing a photo-bioreactor. Swine wastewater was also investigated as nutritional source to economize the biomass production. Results showed that the higher biomass production was found to be at 3.0% $CO_2$ compared to other $CO_2$ concentrations. However, no difference in biomass production was found at $105.41\;{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ and above photon densities with 12 h of photoperiodicity. It was observed that C. vulgaris could easily grow in 200 times diluted swine wastewater and growth was found to be similar with that of artificial medium. Provided the conducive conditions for optimal growth, it has also the potentiality of depleting ammonia nitrogen ($NH_4$-N) and orthophosphate ($PO_4^{3-}$-P) completely from the wastewater after 3~4 days of cultivation. Thus, growing C. vulgaris would not only solve the problem of animal feed, but also help in biological $CO_2$ mitigation and wastewater treatment.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.27-27
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• 2016

The ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum is the most common pathogen of Fusarium head blight (FHB), a devastating disease for major cereal crops worldwide. FHB causes significant crop losses by reducing grain yield and quality as well as contaminating cereals with trichothecenes and zearalenone (ZEA) that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. ZEA is a causative agent of hyperestrogenic syndrome in mammals and can result in reproductive disorders in farm animals. In F. graminearum, the ZEA biosynthetic cluster is composed of four genes, PKS4, PKS13, ZEB1, and ZEB2, which encode a reducing polyketide synthase, a nonreducing polyketide synthase, an isoamyl alcohol oxidase, and a transcription factor, respectively. Although it is known that ZEB2 primarily acts as a regulator of ZEA biosynthetic cluster genes, the mechanism underlying this regulation remains undetermined. In this study, two isoforms (ZEB2L and ZEB2S) from the ZEB2 gene in F. graminearum were characterized. It was revealed that ZEB2L contains a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) DNA-binding domain at the N-terminus, whereas ZEB2S is an N-terminally truncated form of ZEB2L that lacks the bZIP domain. Interestingly, ZEA triggered the induction of both ZEB2L and ZEB2S transcription. In ZEA producing condition, the expression of ZEB2S transcripts via alternative promoter usage was directly or indirectly initiated by ZEA. Physical interaction between ZEB2L and ZEB2L as well as between ZEB2L and ZEB2S was observed in the nucleus. The ZEB2S-ZEB2S interaction was detected in both the cytosol and the nucleus. ZEB2L-ZEB2L oligomers activated ZEA biosynthetic cluster genes, including ZEB2L. ZEB2S inhibited ZEB2L transcription by forming ZEB2L-ZEB2S heterodimers, which reduced the DNA-binding activity of ZEB2L. This study provides insight into the autoregulation of ZEB2 expression by alternative promoter usage and a feedback loop during ZEA production.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.215-220
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• 2008

본 시험은 제주지역에서 동계사료작물의 사초생산성과 사료가치를 평가하여 청보리를 대체할 수 있는 사료작물을 탐색하고 제주지역에 적합한 동계사료작물 선발을 목적으로 제주시 난지농업연구소 시험포장에서 2007년 10월부터 2008년 6월까지 수행되었다. 제주지역에서 동계사료작물의 내한성은 모두 우수하였다. 출수 기는 밀('금강' 및 '우리')이 4월 5일로 가장 빨랐으며 '삼한' 귀리가 4월 28일로 가장 늦은 것으로 나타났다. 호숙기는 '금강'과 '우리' 밀 (5월 9일) > '유연' 보리(5월 12일) > 'Swan' 귀리(5월 16일) 순으로 나타났으며 초장은 '신영' 트리티케일이 129cm로 가장 크고 '금강' 밀이 82cm로 가장 작은 것으로 나타났다. 사초 생산성은 이탈리안 라이그라스('화산 101호')의 생초수량이 128,667 kg/ha, 건물수량이 25,951 kg/ha로 가장 생산성이 높았으며, 곡류 사료작물 중 귀리('삼한')의 건물수량이 22,556 kg/ha로 가장 높았다. 사료가치에서 조단백질 함량은 이탈리안 라이그라스('화산 101호')가 11.2%로 높았고 밀이 10.8%로 곡류 사료작물 중 가장 높았다. TDN 함량은 밀('금강' 및 '우리')이 69.1과 68.8%로 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으나 초종 간 차이가 5% 내외로 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 제주지역에서 동계사료작물은 수량적인 측면에서는 이탈리안 라이그라스가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났으나 사료비 절감 등을 고려하면 제주지역에서는 귀리나 밀도 곡실효과를 얻을 수 있어 청보리 대체사료작물로 이용 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.12-16
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• 2005

As a silicate source to rice, a coal ash was selected and mixed with phosphor-gypsum (50:50, wt $wt^{-1}$) to reduce the potential of boron toxicity and to supply calcium element. We expected that high con tent of calcium in this mixture might convert water-soluble phosphorus to less soluble forms and then reduce the release of soil phosphorus to surface runoff. The mixture was applied with the rate of 0, 20, 40, and 60 Mg $ha^{-1}$ in paddy soil (Nagdong series, a somewhat excessively drained loamy fine sand) in Daegok, Jinju, Korea The mixture reduced significantly water-soluble phosphorus (W-P) in the surface soils by shifting from W-P and Fe-P to Ca-P and Al-P during whole rice cultivation. In contrast with W-P, plant available phosphorus increased significantly with the mixture application due to high content of phosphorus and silicate in the mixture. The mixture of coal ash and phosphor-gypsum (50:50, wt $wt^{-l}$) would be a good alternative to reduce a phosphorus export in rice paddy soil together with increasing rice yields.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.465-477
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• 2016

Objectives: This review examined the scientific evidence regarding the impact of climate change on food safety. Methods: The impact of climate change on food safety was assessed based on a survey of related publications reported in the past 20 years. The terms used for literature selection reflect three aspects: climate change; food; and food safety. Results: Climate change is expected to affect the key elements of food production - water and climate. These impact on food safety through many different pathways. Directly, food shortages according to the population grovoth result in a food security/food supply problem, These relationships are commonly understood. The indirect impacts include an increase in food-borne diseases and pathogens, increased mycotoxin production, and increased risk of pesticide residues in foods due to greater use of pesticides in response to warming and increased precipitation and the accompanying diseases in certain crops. Field studies and statistical and scenario analyses were performed to provide evidence. However, quantification of these relationships is still lacking. Conclusion: Adaptation measures at the local and community levels are essential since the pressures from weather and climate events may differ according to region and sector. It is recommended that we go beyond empirical observations of the association between climate change and food safety and develop more scientific explanations. We also need to explore alternative materials for bioenergy demands in order to improve sustainability.