• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.192-200
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• 2021

Kunun-zaki, produced by submerged fermentation of a combination of millet and sorghum, is a popular beverage in Northern Nigeria. Owing to the nature of the process involved in its production, kunun-zaki is highly susceptible to contamination by food spoilage microorganisms, leading to inconsistent quality and short shelf-life. In this study, we investigated various food spices, including cinnamon, garlic, and nutmeg, as potential preservatives that could be used to extend kunun-zaki shelf-life. Kunun-zaki varieties were fermented with each of these spices mentioned above and subjected to bacterial, nutritional, sensory, and quality maintenance assessments (using a twelve-member sensory panel to evaluate the organoleptic properties of kunun-zaki). Bacterial counts in the final products ranged between 10^5-7 CFU/ml. We identified two bacterial genera, Weissella and Enterococcus, based on partial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Three amino acids, namely leucine, aspartate, and glutamate, were abundant in all kunun-zaki varieties, while the total essential amino acid content was above 39%, suggesting that kunun-zaki could potentially be considered as a protein-rich food source both for infants and adults. The kunun-zaki products were also rich in carbohydrates, crude proteins, ash, crude fiber, and fat, with contents estimated as 81-84, 8-11, 0.8-4.0, 2.9-3.58, and 5.1-6.3%, respectively. However, this nutritional content depreciated rapidly after 24 h of storage, except for kunun-zaki fermented with garlic, which its crude protein and fat content was maintained for up to 48 h. Our results revealed that organic spices increased the nutritional content of the kunun-zaki varieties and could be potentially be used as natural preservatives for enhancing the kunun-zaki shelf-life. However, garlic might be considered a better alternative based on our preliminary investigation. The presence of the isolated microorganisms in the analyzed kunun-zaki samples should be highlighted to raise awareness on the possible health hazards that could arise from poor handling and processing techniques.

• 영어영문학
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.217-247
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• 2012

This essay attempts to read Melville's Moby-Dick as a prefiguration of American pragmatism, especially Jamesian version of it. Underlying this project is the assumption that the American Romance and James's pragmatism partake in the enduring tradition of American thoughts and imagination. Despite the commonality in their roots, the continuity between these two products of American culture has received few critical assessments. The American Romance has rarely been discussed in terms of American pragmatism in part because critics have tended to narrowly define the latter as a kind of relativistic philosophy equivalent to practical instrumentalism, political realism and romantic utilitarianism. Consequently, they have favored literary works in the realistic tradition for their textual analyses, while eschewing a more imaginative genre like the American Romance. My contention is that James's version of pragmatism is a future oriented pluralism which is unable to dispense with the power of imagination and the talent for seeing unforeseen possibilities inherent in nature and culture. James's pragmatism is in tune with the American Romance in that it savours the attractions of alternative possibilities created by the genre in which the imaginary world is imbued with the actual one. The pragmatic impulse in Moby-Dick finds its finest expression in the words and acts of Ishmael. Through this protean narrator, Melville renders the text of Moby-Dick symbolic, fragmentary and thereby pluralistic in its meaning. With his rhetoric of incompletion and by refraining from totalizing what he experiences, Ishmael shuns finality in truth and entices the reader to join his intellectual journey with a non-foundational notion of truth and meaning in view. Ishmael also envisages pragmatists' beliefs that experience is fluid in nature and the universe is in a constant state of becoming. Yet Ishmael as the narrator of Moby-Dick is more functional than foundational.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.240-263
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• 2021

One of the biggest challenges that the software industry is facing today is to create highly efficient applications without affecting the quality of healthcare system software. The demand for the provision of software with high quality protection has seen a rapid increase in the software business market. Moreover, it is worthless to offer extremely user-friendly software applications with no ideal security. Therefore a need to find optimal solutions and bridge the difference between accessibility and protection by offering accessible software services for defense has become an imminent prerequisite. Several research endeavours on usable security assessments have been performed to fill the gap between functionality and security. In this context, several Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approaches have been implemented on different usability and security attributes so as to assess the usable-security of software systems. However, only a few specific studies are based on using the integrated approach of fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique for assessing the significant usable-security of hospital management software. Therefore, in this research study, the authors have employed an integrated methodology of fuzzy logic, ANP and TOPSIS to estimate the usable - security of Hospital Management System Software. For the intended objective, the study has taken into account 5 usable-security factors at first tier and 16 sub-factors at second tier with 6 hospital management system softwares as alternative solutions. To measure the weights of parameters and their relation with each other, Fuzzy ANP is implemented. Thereafter, Fuzzy TOPSIS methodology was employed and the rating of alternatives was calculated on the foundation of the proximity to the positive ideal solution.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.92-101
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• 2023

기후변화 문제를 해결하기 위해 탄소중립은 이제 선택이 아닌 필수가 되었다. 수소는 재생에너지의 간헐적 생산을 보완할 수 있는 저장 매체일 뿐만 아니라 반응 후 이산화탄소 배출이 없어 활용 분야에서도 좋은 대안으로 여겨지고 있다. 수소 활용 분야 중 하나인 수소자동차의 활성화를 위해서는 수소충전소 인프라 구축이 선행되어야 한다. 수소충전소의 효율적인 운영과 위험성평가를 위해서는 위험요인에 대한 우선순위 선정이 필요하지만, 국내 수소충전소 운영 기간이 짧아 사고에 따른 빈도 데이터가 부족하고 그 신뢰도가 낮다. 본 연구에서는 HAZOP을 통하여 수소충전소에서 발생 가능한 이탈의 원인과 결과를 도출하고 Fuzzy-AHP를 활용하여 분석하려고 한다. 이를 통하여 수소충전소에서 발생 가능한 이탈 원인의 의사결정값을 도출하고 수소 사고사례와 위험성평가에 적용하여 데이터의 신뢰성과 효용성을 확인하고자 한다.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.35.1-35.11
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• 2023

Background: Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death worldwide. Various CVD risk assessment tools have been developed. In South Korea, the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (KOSHA) and the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) have provided CVD risk assessments with health checkups. Since 2018, the KOSHA guide has stated that NHIS CVD risk assessment tool could be used as an alternative of KOSHA assessment tool for evaluating CVD risk of workers. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation and agreement between the KOSHA and the NHIS CVD risk assessment tools. Methods: Subjects of this study were 17,485 examinees aged 20 to 64 years who had undergone medical examinations from January 2021 to December 2021 at a general hospital. We classified subjects into low-risk, moderate-risk, high-risk, and highest-risk groups according to KOSHA and NHIS's CVD risk assessment tools. We then compared them with cross-analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and linearly weighted kappa coefficient. Results: The correlation between KOSHA and NHIS tools was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001), with a correlation coefficient of 0.403 and a kappa coefficient of 0.203. When we compared risk group distribution using KOSHA and NHIS tools, CVD risk of 6,498 (37.1%) participants showed a concordance. Compared to the NHIS tool, the KOSHA tool classified 9,908 (56.7%) participants into a lower risk category and 1,079 (6.2%) participants into a higher risk category. Conclusions: In this study, KOSHA and NHIS tools showed a moderate correlation with a fair agreement. The NHIS tool showed a tendency to classify participants to higher CVD risk group than the KOSHA tool. To prevent CVD more effectively, a higher estimation tool among verified CVD risk assessment methods should be selected and managements such as early intervention and treatment of risk factors should be performed targeting the high-risk group.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.795-812
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• 2020

Novel food sources have enormous potential as nutritional supplements. For instance, edible insects are considered as an alternative food source due to their higher protein content; moreover, they are economically efficient reproducers and have high in nutritional value. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of the freeze-dried powder of Locusta migratoria (fdLM), known to contain rich proteins as well as fatty acids. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the subacute toxicity of fdLM in male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The SD rats were divided into four groups based on the dosage of fdLM administered: dosage of 0 (vehicle control), 750, 1,500, and 3,000 mg/kg/day were administered for 28 days. Toxicological assessments including observations on food consumption, body and organ weights, clinical signs, mortality, ophthalmologic tests, urinalyses, hematologic tests, clinical chemistry tests, gross findings, and histopathology tests were performed. Clinical signs, urinalyses, hematology, serum biochemistry tests, and organ weight examinations revealed no fdLM-related toxicity. The no-observed-adverse-effect level for fdLM was higher than 3,000 mg/kg/day in rats of both sexes; therefore, fdLM, in conclusion, can be considered safe as an edible alternative human and animal food source material.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.159-165
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• 1987

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 특정지역에서 태풍(颱風)의 통계적(統計的) 분석(分析) 및 확률적(確率的) 기술방법(記述方法)을 이용하여 한국(韓國)의 태풍위험도분석(颱風危險度分析)에 관한 합리적(合理的) 방법(方法)을 제시(提示)하였다. 간접적(間接的) 방법(方法)으로 태풍(颱風)의 확률풍속(確率風速)을 예측하기 위해 두가지 시뮬레이션 과정(過程) 및 fitting 방법(方法)에 대해 논(論)하였다. 일반적으로 간접적(間接的) 방법(方法)으로는 Russell의 방법(方法)이 사용되고 있는데 이 방법(方法)은 특정지역에서 태풍(颱風)의 확률적(確率的) 예측을 위한 기상학적(氣象學的) 특성(特性)과 풍속장(風速場)모형(Wind field Model)에 기초를 두고 시뮬레이션 방법(方法)에 의해 약 1,000개의 태풍(颱風)을 발생시켜 통계적(統計的)으로 기저확률분포(基底確率分布)를 구한 다음, 그 결과를 Weibull분포(分布)에 fitting하도록 하고 있다. 그러나, 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 150년(年) 내지 200년간(年間)의 연최대풍속(年最大風速)을 발생시켜 그 data를 이용하여 Weibull분포(分布)에 직접 fitting하는 방법(方法)을 제안(提案)하였다. 수치해석(數値解析)결과, 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 제안(提案)한 방법(方法)이 보다 효율적(效率的)이고 합리적(合理的)인 태풍(颱風)의 위험도평가방법(危險度評價方法)임을 알 수 있었다. 아울러, 제안(提案)된 확률풍속(確率風速) 예측방법(豫測方法)을 이용하여 태풍(颱風)취약지역인 남서해안(海岸) 일대에서 송전탑(送電塔)의 설계풍속(設計風速)에 대해 검토, 분석하였다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.141-158
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• 2019

Objectives: An adverse outcome pathway is a biological pathway that disturbs homeostasis and causes toxicity. It is a conceptual framework for organizing existing biological knowledge and consists of the molecular initiating event, key event, and adverse output. The AOP concept provides intuitive risk identification that can be helpful in evaluating the carcinogenicity of chemicals and in the prevention of cancer through the assessment of chemical carcinogenicity predictions. Methods: We reviewed various papers and books related to the application of AOPs for the prevention of occupational cancer. We mainly used the internet to search for the necessary research data and information, such as via Google scholar(http://scholar.google.com), ScienceDirect(www.sciencedirect.com), Scopus(www.scopus. com), NDSL(http: //www.ndsl.kr/index.do) and PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed). The key terms searched were "adverse outcome pathway," "toxicology," "risk assessment," "human exposure," "worker," "nanoparticle," "applications," and "occupational safety and health," among others. Results: Since it focused on the current state of AOP for the prediction of toxicity from chemical exposure at work and prospects for industrial health in the context of the AOP concept, respiratory and nanomaterial hazard assessments. AOP provides an intuitive understanding of the toxicity of chemicals as a conceptual means, and it works toward accurately predicting chemical toxicity. The AOP technique has emerged as a future-oriented alternative to the existing paradigm of chemical hazard and risk assessment. AOP can be applied to the assessment of chemical carcinogenicity along with efforts to understand the effects of chronic toxic chemicals in workplaces. Based on these predictive tools, it could be possible to bring about a breakthrough in the prevention of occupational and environmental cancer. Conclusions: The AOP tool has emerged as a future-oriented alternative to the existing paradigm of chemical hazard and risk assessment and has been widely used in the field of chemical risk assessment and the evaluation of carcinogenicity at work. It will be a useful tool for prediction, and it is possible that it can help bring about a breakthrough in the prevention of occupational and environmental cancer.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.124-133
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• 2014

본 연구는 입원환자의 전자의무기록에서 용이하게 얻을 수 있는 지표들을 중심으로 초기영양평가를 신속하게 진행하기 위한 영양검색도구를 개발하고, 새로 개발한 영양검색도구에 대한 신뢰도을 검증하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위하여 입원환자 903명을 대상으로, 의무기록 및 개별면담을 통해 자료를 수집하여 PGSGA를 기준으로 양호군과 영양불량군을 나누었다. 1) 로지스틱 회귀분석을 통해 양호군과 영양불량군으로 범주화하기 위한 최종 영양평가지표로 연령, BMI, 혈중 알부민, 혈중 콜레스테롤, 총단백질, 헤마토크리트, 체중변화, 섭취변화여부가 선정하였다. 특히 체중변화, 섭취변화여부의 경우는 예/아니오의 주관적 단답식 조사로 간단히 이루어졌다. 2) SMST의 영양평가결과 총 903명 중에서 양호군은 620명 (68.7%), 영양불량군은 283명 (31.3%)으로 나타났으며, 양호군과 영양불량군사이에 연령, 혈중 알부민, 총임파구수, BMI, 헤모글로빈, 헤마토크리트, 총단백질, 혈중 콜레스테롤, 재원기간 모두 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 3) SMST의 신뢰도를 검증하기 위해서 PGSGA와 NRS2002와의 민감도, 특이도, 카파비를 통한 일치도를 분석하였다. SM-ST는 PGSGA와 민감도 94.4%, 특이도 88.4%, 카파비 0.747로 'Substantial agreement'하며 (p < 0.001), NRS2002와 민감도 96.1%, 특이도 79.5%, 카파비 0.505로 'Moderate agreement' (p < 0.001)로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 개발한 새로운 초기영양검색 도구인 SMST의 영양평가지표는 의무기록 및 단답형의 질문으로 이루어져, 신속하고 간단한 초기영양평가가 가능하다. 특히 기존에 개인면담을 통해 시간적, 인력적 요구가 높은 영양도구들에 비해, 입원당시 기본적 신체계측과 함께 단답형으로 이뤄진 체중변화 및 식이섭취변화 여부가 기록될 경우 추가될 경우 추가조사 없는 의무기록으로 평가가 가능하다. SMST는 PGSGA, NRS2002와 높은 일치도를 보여 기존에 타당도가 높다고 알려진 두 영양검색 도구와 도구간 신뢰도가 검증되었다. 하지만 SMST는 합병증의 유무, 사망률, 재입원률, 병원비용 등 환자의 예후와 관련한 연관성 및 보편적 대상자에서의 유용성은 검증되지 않았으므로, 이에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.532-537
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• 2009

Objective : Recently, motion preservation has come to the forefront of emerging technologies in spine surgery. This is the important background information of the emergence of cervical arthroplasty as an alternative to arthrodesis that offers the promise of restoring normal spinal movement and reduces a kinematic strain on adjacent segments. The study was designed to evaluate early surgical outcome and radiological effects of $Bryan^{(R)}$ cervical disc prosthesis. Methods : The authors retrospectively reviewed radiographic and clinical outcomes in 52 patients who received the $Bryan^{(R)}$ Cervical Disc prosthesis, for whom follow-up data were available. Static and dynamic radiographs were measured by computer to determine the angles formed by the endplates of the natural disc preoperatively, those formed by the shells of the implanted prosthesis, the angle of functional spine unit (FSU), and the C2-7 Cobb angle. The range of motion (ROM) was also determined radiographically, whereas clinical outcomes were assessed using Odom's criteria, visual analogue pain scale (VAS) and neck disability index (NDI). Results : A total of 71 $Bryan^{(R)}$ disc were placed in 52 patients. A single-level procedure was performed in 36 patients, a two-level procedure in 13 patients, and a three-level procedure in 3. Radiographic and clinical assessments were made preoperatively. Mean follow-up duration was 29.2 months, ranging from 6 to 36 months. All of the patients were satisfied with the surgical results by Odom's criteria, and showed significant improvement by VAS and NDI score (p < 0.05). The postoperative ROM of the implanted level was preserved without significant difference from preoperative ROM of the operated level (p < 0.05). 97% of patients with a preoperative lordotic sagittal orientation of the FSU were able to maintain lordosis. The overall sagittal alignment of the cervical spine was preserved in 88.5% of cases at the final follow up. Interestingly, preoperatively kyphotic FSU resulted in lordotic FSU in 70% of patients during the late follow up, and preoperatively kyphotic overall cervical alignment resulted in lordosis in 66.6% of the patients postoperatively. Conclusion : Arthroplasty using the $Bryan^{(R)}$ disc seemed to be safe and provided encouraging clinical and radiologic outcome in our study. Although the early results are promising, this is a relatively new approach, therefore long-term follow up studies are required to prove its efficacy and its ability to prevent adjacent segment disease.