• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.38-53
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• 2007

In a seminal judgment of November 2002 (Case C-476/98) relating to the compatibility with Community laws of the 'nationality clause' in the 1996 amending protocol to the 1955 U.S.-German Air Services Agreement, the European Court of Justice(ECJ) decided that the provision constituted a measure of an intrinsically discriminatory nature and was thus contrary to the principle of national treatment established under Art. 52 of the EC Treaty. The Court, rejecting bluntly the German government' submissions relying on public policy grounds(Art. 56, EC Treaty), seemed content to declare and rule that the protocol provision requiring a contracting state party to ensure substantial ownership and effective control by its nationals of its designated airlines had violated the requirement of national treatment reserved for other Community Members under the salient Treaty provision. The German counterclaims against the Commission, although tantalizing not only from the perusal of the judgment but from the perspective of international air law, were nonetheless invariably correct and to the point. For such a clause has been justified to defend the 'fundamental interests of society from a serious threat' that may result from granting operating licenses or necessary technical authorizations to an airline company of a third country. Indeed, the nationality clause has been inserted in most of the liberal bilaterals to allow the parties to enforce their own national laws and regulations governing aviation safety and security. Such a clause is not targeted as a device for discriminating against the nationals of any third State. It simply acts as the minimum legal safeguards against aviation risk empowering a party to take legal control of the designated airlines. Unfortunately, the German call for the review of such a foremost objective and rationale underlying the nationality clause landed on the deaf ears of the Court which appeared quite happy not to take stock of the potential implications and consequences in its absence and of the legality under international law of the 'national treatment' requirement of Community laws. Again, while US law limits foreign shareholders to 24.9% of its airlines, the European Community limits non-EC ownership to 49%, precluding any ownership and effective control by foreign nationals of EC airlines, let alone any foreign takeover and merger. Given this, it appears inconsistent and unreasonable for the EC to demand, $vis-{\grave{a}}-vis$ a non-EC third State, national treatment for all of its Member States. The ECJ's decision was also wrongly premised on the precedence of Community laws over international law, and in particular, international air law. It simply is another form of asserting and enforcing de facto extraterritorial application of Community laws to a non-EC third country. Again, the ruling runs counter to an established rule of international law that a treaty does not, as a matter of principle, create either obligations or rights for a third State. Aside from the legal problems, the 'national treatment' may not be economically justified either, in light of the free-rider problem and resulting externalities or inefficiency. On the strength of international law and economics, therefore, airlines of Community Members other than the designated German and U.S. air carriers are neither eligible for traffic rights, nor entitled to operate between or 'free-ride' on the U.S. and German points. All in all and in all fairness, the European Court's ruling was nothing short of an outright condemnation of established rules and principles of international law and international air law. Nor is the national treatment requirement justified by the economic logic of deregulation or liberalization of aviation markets. Nor has the requirement much to do with fair competition and increased efficiency.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.713-722
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• 1996

폐이식후의 수용자들의 낮은 생존율은 주로 거부반응 또는 면역억제제 사용에 따른 합병증과 관련이 있다. 따라서 이식편에대한 수용자의 관용을 유도해낼 수 있는 더욱 좋은 방법이 절실히 요구된다. 저자 는 동종의 골수간세포가 주입되어진 혼합동종이 인자형 키메라 쥐에서 특정 동종 공여군의 공여 폐이식 편에대한 관용의 초래여부를 연구하였다. Fisher(F344)와 Wistar Forth(WF)종주의 쥐에서 치사량의 (1100c0y) 방사선조사후 T-임파구를 제거한 동일종주와 동종이인자형 골수의 혼합물로 재구성하였다 (F)44+WFIWF, AC1+F3441F3f4).28일후 말초혈액에서 임파구형의 검사로 혼합형 키메리즘이 확 인된 쥐에서 특정 공여군 또는 제3군의 동종 공여폐로 좌측의 동소 폐이식을시행하였다. 이식후 어떠 한 면역억제제도 투여하지 않았다. 이식편의 거부는 흉부 X선검사로 관찰하였고 조직학적으로 확인하 였다. 혼합형 키메라쥐들은 특정 공여군의 폐들을 받아들였으나 종주들 끼리의 특정효과에의한 것은 아 니었고, 이들에서 150일이상 거부반응을 관찰할 수 없었다. 이식편에대한 관용은 키메리즘의 백분율과 는 관계없이 일어났으며 제3군의 공여폐에대해서 \ulcorner정상대조군에서와 마찬가지로 10일내에 이식편에 대한거부반응이 완료되었다. 이 결과들은흔합형 키메라에서 정상적인 면역기전을 유지하면서도,특정 공여군의 폐이식후 안정적이고_1. 지속적 인, 이식 편에대한 관용이 일어난다는 것을 보여준다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.493-506
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of people in general characteristics about oral malodor. The subjects in this study are 184 people who visited the clinical practice lab at J health college to get their teeth scaled. After conducting a survey from May 1 to June 3, 2008, we selected four different ares and then analyzed the answer sheets from 179 respondents including smoking/nonsmoking, scaling experience, toothbrushing frequency and the use of oral hygiene supplies. SPSS WIN 12.0 program was used to make a frequency analysis and cross analysis. The findings of the study are as follows: 1. Concerning an intention of treatment for oral malodor, 37.4% didn't intend to receive treatment even in case of having bad breath. 28.5% didn't yet have any definite idea about that, and 20.7% had no mind to do that at all. 10.6% had an intention to receive treatment, and 2.8% want to receive treatment. 2. As for how to cope with oral malodor in case of suffering from it, 47.5% chewed gums or ate candy. 25.1% scarcely care about that, and 15.6% covered their mouth whenever they spoke. 9.5% had little confidence about talking to others, and 2.2% found it difficult to build an amicable interpersonal relationship. 3. Concerning what to do about another person's oral malodor, 40.8% did nothing, and 19% talked to the person about that. 17.3% gave him or her chewing gum. Among their oral health characteristics, toothbrushing frequency made a significant difference to the way they responded to another person's oral malodor(p<.05). 4. As to subjective feelings about another person's oral malodor, 41.9% just found it bearable. 36.9% were a little displeased, and 9.5% never felt bad about another person's bad breath. 8.9% tried to avoid the person, and 2.8% advised him or her to chew gum. 5. Regarding an intention of participating in a oral malodor program, 46.9% had no idea about that. 31.3% intended to participate in the program, and 13.4% wanted to do that without fail. 6.1% had no mind for that, and 2.2% were never going to do that. Among characteristics of the user oral hygiene device made a significant difference whether to participating in the oral malodor program(p<.05).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2003

남한산성 지역에서 1999년부터 2000년까지 2년 동안 춘계단명식물의 생육특성을 밝히기 위해 현호색속의 Pes-gallinaceua절에 속하는 집단에서 괴경을 중심으로 생육기 동안 생장특성을 조사 분석하였다. 그 결과 생육초기 괴경에서 지상부의 발생은 토양의 해빙에 따라 일어났으며 토양의 깊이가 깊을수록 지상부의 출현시기가 늦었다. 현호색은 3월 하순에 지상부가 출현하고 5월 초순에 고사하여 총 생육기간은 평균 45일 정도 이었다. 현호색 집단에서 괴경과 총 건중량에 의한 개체의 크기별 빈도는 최소계급이 가장 높았으며(총 건중량에서 40%, 괴경의 건중량에서 53%)중간계급 이하의 빈도는 전체의 93(총 건중량)∼96%(괴경의 건중량)을 나타내 작은 개체가 대부분을 차지하는 개체군으로 나타났다. 괴경은 생육초기 지상부가 출현하여 일이 완전히 전개되기 전까지 비중이 0.14까지 감소하였다가 생육기 말 종자가 결실하고 지상부가 고사하는 시기에 0.42까지 증가하였다가 이 후에 다시 서서히 감소하였다. 한편, 생식기관이 있는 것은 없는 것에 비하여 생육기간 동안 괴경의 비중이 낮았으며 1% 이하에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 생육기말 괴경의 부피에 따른 괴경의 비중은 감소하였고 엽면적은 대체로 증가하였으나 경향성이 뚜렷하지 않았으며 지상부/지하부의 비율은 일정한 경향성이 없었다. 한편, 괴경의 건중량이 증가할수록 괴경의 비중은 감소하였고 엽면적은 증가하였으며 증가 혹은 감소하는 경향성은 뚜렷하였다. 작은 개체일수록 괴경에 많은 양의 에너지를 축적하였으며 지상부/지하부의 비율은 개체마다 다양한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.40-66
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to develop and applicate textbook relevant to school indoor air quality. To achieve the purpose, concrete study process are as follows. First, the survey research to teachers, supervisors, and students is conducted to grasp cognition of subjects in elementary school and management situation about school indoor air quality. Second, contents relevant to indoor air quality on textbooks in the 7th elementary curriculum and subsidiary textbooks is analysed through reference study. Third, environmental textbook relevant to school indoor air quality for 5th and 6th grade in elementary school is developed, applicated, and inspected its effect on the basis of implications from results of survey and reference study. The results of this study are as follows. First, the result of survey concerning school indoor air quality showed that three groups had negative attitude for its management even though they thought that it affected human's health and study by and large. Student group thought that each of students itself was a little influence to school indoor air pollution though all of three groups answered that' activities of students' was its main source. Efforts of students to improve school indoor air quality was not much, and its main reason was that they didn't know about school indoor air pollution well. Second, result of analysis into textbooks on the 7th elementary curriculum and subsidiary textbooks, contents concerning indoor air on the 7th elementary curriculum textbooks was little or nothing. And it trended to be included to subsidiary textbooks. However, education textbooks about indoor air for elementary students was insufficient still. Third, environmental textbook relevant to school indoor air quality for 5th and 6th grade in elementary school was developed. It was constructed for themes - importance, sources, effects, and management of school indoor air quality. After its application to the 6th grade students in elementary school, it was meaningful in the level of p<.05 that the result of knowledge and awareness in the pre-post test within experiment group. However, all of the results in comparison group didn't represent statistically meaningful difference. In conclusion, environmental textbook developed by necessity of education about school indoor air quality will play a role as useful tool for the 5th, 6th grade students in elementary school to understand relation of quality of health and life and school indoor air quality, to have attitude to make an effort to manage it by develop right awareness about it.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.387-410
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to approach to the internal meanings included in the Happening and the culture of hippies, by analysing the basic mental conditions in the process of the Happening. And this study was composed of the concept and the development of Happening, the characteristics of the hippies that related in the midst of the happening's background, and the formativeness between these factors and hippies'fashion. Since the happening a genre of fine arts expression attended the New School for social research in New York in 1954, Allan Kaprow direct-influenced by John Cage used the word 'Hapening'first, practicing '18 Happenings in 6 parts'at the Rueben gallery in 1959. Kaprow's 18 Happenings was one of the earliest opportunities for a wider public to attend the live events that several artists had performed more privately for various friends. Despite the very different sensibilities and structures of artist's works, artists were all thrown together by the press under the general heading of 'Happening', following Kaprow's 18 Happenings. Being considered as the root of the Happening 'Expression of Sound'of John Cage was the discovery of the exisiting thing- the Happening. Most artists were to be deeply influenced by Cage's theories and attitudes-that is, his sympathy for Zen Buddihism and oriental philosophy-and by reports of the Black Mountain events. These events would directly reflect contemporary painting and stemmed from the Futurists, Dadaists and Surrealists. And Happening's development background was based on the culture of hippies. Swinging London had been under the sway of psychedelic drugs and utopian visions of 'hippie'wave sweeping in from Califonia. This wave, which affected solid middle-class youth first and formost, began in Haight Ashbury in San Francisco. Without dwelling on the hippie movement here, it is worth nothing that it resulted from the convergence of several undercurrents : consciousness-expending drugs, the anti-Vietnam war developments, the impact of English pop groups on American music and the rise of protest songs, and finally the beatnik tradition of non-conformism. Hippie culture and its pursuit of love, peace and psychedelia was the antitheses of 1960s main street fashion. The media gave everyone with long hair the label of 'hippie', but it was always a very loose collage of attitudes and styles. The rejection of sexual taboos was conveyed by the hippie's refusal to wear. Although the bold exposure of body raised controversies because it went against the existing moral values, it has a significant implications. Psychedelics brought mind-expansion and the possibillity that modern technology (light show, synthesized electronic sounds), new fabrics or colors, and LSD could be utilized to provide an escape route from the dreariness of modern life. During the 1960s, traditional costumes, many of which had never been seen outside their native regions, became sought after and adopted in the West, initially by the young, who wanted to demonstrate their solidarity with cultures uncontaminated by mass industry. The most ardent proponents of such folk costumes were the hippies. Hippies dress was sometimes decribed as 'anti-fashion', produced by a patchwork of ragged cast-offs and flamboyant accessories, of outmoded Western dress and time-honored ethnic garments all combined, modified and permutated into variety of personal statements. 'Flower Power'became a reality. From the results of this study, we can see the expanding trend of the influence and the concept of the sew art genre 'Happening'in the formativeness as well as the fine arts field.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.69-75
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• 1988

대구시내 6개구에서 각 2개소의 아파트와 각 1개소의 단독주책을 선정하여 총 18개소의 가정상수를 1987년 5월 12일에서 10월 15일 사이에 봄, 여름, 가을 3회에 걸쳐 채취하여 이화학적 및 미생물학적 수질검사를 시행하였다. pH치는 최저 6.80에서 최고 8.10으로 모두 정상범위였으며, 잔류염소치 0.2ppm미만인 경우가 아파트군 16.7%, 단독주택군 5.6%였다. 아질산성 질소양성은 아파트군에서만 2.8%로 나타났다. 일반세균수가 $m{\ell}$당 100개 이상인 경우는 아파트군 11.1%, 단독주택군 11.1%였고, 대장균군의 MPN이 1.8%이상인 경우가 아파트군 27.8%, 단독주택군 33.3%였다. 잔류염소치, 아질산성 질소, 일반세균수 및 대장균군 검사에서 4가지 음용기준에 부적당한 것은 아파트군에서만, 2.7%였고, 3가지 검사에서 부적당한 것이 아파트군 2.7% 단독주택군 5.6%, 2가지 검사에서 부적당한 것이 아파트군 8.3% 단독주택군 5.6%, 1가지 검사에서 부적당한 것이 아파트군 25.0% 단독주택군 22.2%였다. 이화학적 및 미생물학적 검사성적의 상호비교에서 잔류염소치와 일반세균수 사이에, 그리고 대장균균수와 일반세균수 사이에 연관성이 있었다. 아파트의 건립년수가 길수록 수질이 좋지 않은 것으로 관찰되었다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine content of biogenic amines (Histamine, Cadaverine, Putrescine) in the salted mackerel, canned mackerel, mackerel pike, and freeze dried mackerel pike (Guamegi) collectively, all were purchased in the market. Salted mackerel was purchased at five markets (A, B, C, D, and F market) and stored for 10 days at $4{^{\circ}C}$. At the time of purchase, salted mackerel purchased at markets A, B and C was tested for biogenic amine, yet nothing was detected. However, salt mackerel purchased at market D was tested and the histamine concentration was 0.5 mg/100g. Mackerel from market F, exhibited content levels of 0.5 mg/100g histamine and 1.6 mg/100g cadaverine. Those make certain safety during self-life but that purchased F market gradually increased biogenic amine during storage. Prepared salted mackerel of varying levels of freshness and processing methods were analyzed for biogenic amines. Salting process was performed using functional brine salt. VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) was used to establish freshness levels of salted mackerel. Analyses of mackerel muscle determined the values of freshness to be 9.2 mg/100g (good freshness), 18.2 mg/100g (bad freshness), respectively. After 40 days of storage, the content of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine in the freshness of salted mackerel was 2.0 mg/kg, 2.4 mg/kg and 0 mg/kg, respectively. The content of histamine, cadaverine, putrescine in salted mackerel of poor freshness was 71.3 mg/kg, 22.9 mg/kg and 17.8 mg/kg, respectively. It was concluded the presence of biogenic amines during the salting process of salted mackerel significantly effected freshness of materials. The presence of biogenic amines were detected in mackerel that underwent the salting process after 1 month of storage at $4{^{\circ}C}$. The levels of biogenic amines in the brine salted mackerel were higher than those found in dry, salted mackerel; however, the freshness of fish had an insignificant effect on biogenic amines. The presence of histamine was detected in small quantities in canned mackerel and mackerel pike from three companies. Alternatively, cadaverine and putrescine were not detected. Guamegi, vacuumed packed or sealed with a rope was purchased from three markets (A, B, C seafood company). Guamegi was stored and observed for 180 days at $-20{^{\circ}C}$. Histamine was detected in small quantities in all products stored at $-20{^{\circ}C}$. Levels of histamine was dependent on the types of packaging, rope packaging yielded the highest level. However, other amines were not detected.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제25_2집
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• pp.103-136
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• 2015

The theory of post-heaven provided Korea's many emerging national religions with spiritual ground. The I Ching originated in China emphasizes the principles of change or static aspects of world, while Right I Ching, which Il-Bu Kim suggested, underlines dynamic aspects of world. Il-Bu Kim is perceived to open a new stage in the history of philosophy of I Ching in this regard. His most remarkable contribution is the view of Great Opening Era of Post-Heaven, according to which the clock of cosmos shows the era of great change from Pre-Heaven to Post-Heaven and in the world of Post-Heaven everything will take its proper place. As to human society, Il-Bu Kim foresaw the change from disharmony to harmony, imbalance to balance and era of xiaoren to that of junzi. The advent of such a new world, however, asks human's moral revolution as a prerequisite. In the tradition of East Asian thought, human is the center of the Samjae, Heaven-Earth-Human and the only being which could participate in the growth of Heaven and Earth. Without the change of human mind, however, human can neither participate in the growth of Heaven and Earth nor expect the right change of Heaven and Earth. Even though the world of nature changes according to the principle of cosmic harmony, as the Right I Ching predicts, the real change of Heaven and Earth can be achieved only with moral change of human. The human in the Right I Ching is a free man who sticks to nothing and communicates with cosmos with empty mind. This is the very image of perfect man(至人). The perfect man in the Right I Ching is the main agent of everything, that's to say, the main agent of the great opening to Post-Heaven Era. This is the reason why most leaders of Koran emerging religions concentrate on the change of human. In this regard, Jeung-San Kang encouraged people to become the perfect man through the purification of mind and body and the great opening of inner man, depending on the metaphysical principle of the Right I Ching. Cheok and Resolution of grievances for the mutual beneficence of all life are what he suggested as a method of the great opening of inner man. Such a view is based on the thought that the accumulated sinful behaviors are obstacles to cosmic change and the time of mutual beneficience opens with the removal of the obstacles. If such religious practices are so effective, as Jeung-San Kang says, that future world could consist of perfect men who have achived the great opening of inner man, moral change, and change of consciousness, we could expect that the activities of xiaoren will be shrinked and junzi will be welcomed, as the Right I Ching predicts.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제31호
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• pp.7-32
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• 2011

정이(程?)는 변화(變化)의 세계, 즉 '역(易)'의 세계로 자연(自然)을 바라보았다. 그래서 있는 그대로 흘러가는 자연 안에 있는 인간(人間)도 자연의 일부로서 생장(生長) 소멸(消滅)하는 존재 중에 하나임을 강조하였다. 그러면서 인간을 포함한 만물(萬物)이 모두 '천리(天理)'를 가지고 태어나기 때문에 하나가 될 수 있다고 말하며, 이를 '만물일체(萬物一體)', '천인합일(天人合一)' 등으로 표현하였다. 이것은 정이의 독창적인 사유가 아니라 '북송오자(北宋五子)'와 공유한 것이지만, 이를 해명하는 방식에 있어서 차별성을 가지고 있었다. 정이는 만물이 동일한 리(理)를 갖고 태어나지만, 인간만이 완전하게 천리(天理)를 체화하여 자연과 하나가 될 수 있다는 자각이 가능하다고 하였다. 자연은 변화하면서도 스스로 질서를 갖추고 있는데, 정이는 그러한 자연의 질서인 천리를 인간의 질서인 인륜(人倫)과 유비시키고, 인륜을 체화하여 자연과 하나가 된 경지에 이른 사람을 '성인(聖人)'으로 지칭하였다. 성인(聖人)은 타고나는 측면도 있지만, 누구나 동일한 선(善)한 성(性)을 가지고 태어나기 때문에 부단한 수양을 통해서 성인(聖人)이 될 수 있음을 강조하였다. 정이의 이와 같은 철학적 구상은 맹자(孟子)의 '성선설(性善說)'의 철저한 계승에서 온 것이라고 할 수 있다. 정이는 '성선설(性善說)'이 유학의 본령이며, 자신이 이를 계승했다고 자부하였다. 다만 맹자에게는 성선의 근거를 해명하는데 있어서 한계를 가지고 있었기 때문에 정이는 성(性)을 곧 순선(純善)한 리(理)로 보고[성즉리(性卽理)] 성인(聖人)부터 보통의 사람까지 같은 성(性)을 가지고 태어난다고 하면서 이를 해명하고자 하였다. 정이가 말하는 성(性)은 본연(本然)의 선한 성(性)으로서 악(惡) 또는 불선(不善)이 개입할 여지가 없는 것이었다. 그래서 악은 성(性)과는 차원을 달리 하는 불완전한 기질(氣質) 즉 '재(才)'의 문제로 전환되게 되었으며, 정이에게는 이제 이러한 불완전한 기질(氣質)을 바로잡아 본래의 올바른 성(性)을 회복하기 위한 구체적인 수양의 방법을 제시해야 할 과제가 주어지게 되었다.