• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2005년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.117-121
• /
• 2005

In order to monitor the levels and seasonal variations of EDCs, samples of the discharged effluent from sewage & wastewater treatment plants and river waters were collected. The target EDCs including bisphenol A and alkylphenols were determined by Laser-induced fluorescence(LIF) as in-situ monitoring technique. The category of EDCs showed similar fluorescence spectra and nearly equal decay time. This point makes it hard to distinguish each EBCs from the EDCs mixture by LIF and LIF results were expressed only by the total EDCs. However, LIF monitoring results and GC-MS results was comparable. The correlation coefficient between EDCs concentration acquired from GC-MS and fluorescence intensity from LIF was significant. This study supports the feasibility of the application of LIF into EDCs monitoring In aquatic system.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제22권
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2004

광양만 및 주변 하천에 존재하는 페놀류 화합물과 sterol 화합물의 분포특성을 알아보기 위하여 alkylphenols (8종), chlorophenols (2종), bisphenol A (1종), coprostanols (2종) 및 cholesterol (1종) 등 화합물들을 분석대상물질로 선정하여 표층수와 표층퇴적물 시료를 분석하였다. 모든 분석대상물질 중에서 nonylphenol과 dihydrocholesterol 화합물이 가장 높은 검출빈도를 보였으며 일부 하천퇴적물 시료에서 t-octylphenol, bisphenol A, coprostanols이 검출되었다. 분석대상물질은 하천시료에서 비교적 높게 검출되었으며, 또한 광양만 내해에서 외해보다 높게 검출되었다. 표층해수와 표층해양퇴적 물에서의 nonylphenol농도는 각각 4.0∼74.0 ng $l^{-1}$ 및 3.1∼74.3 ng $g^{-1}$ dry wt.이었다. 해양표층퇴적물에 의한 nonylphenol 평균 농축배수(Log $K_{oc}$ )는 4.8이었다. 하천표층퇴적물에서의 nonylphenol농도는 4.6∼808.6 ng $g^{-1}$ dry wt.이었으며 dihydrocholesterol 농도는 78.4∼1133.6 ng $g^{-1}$ dry wt.이었다 공단지 역을 경유하는 하천시료에서는 상대적으로 높게 nonylphenol이 검출되었으며 주민 거주지역을 경유하는 하천퇴적물에서는 dihydrocholesterol 화합물이 상대적으로 높은 노출농도를 보이였다. 섬진강 표층수에서의 nonylphenol 농도는 염분도의 증가에 따라 낮아지는 경향을 보였다.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.196-213
• /
• 2002

물 시료 중 알킬페놀류, 클로로페놀류 및 비스페놀 A의 동시분석을 기체크로마토그래피/질량분석기-선택이온검색법을 사용하여, US EPA 분석방법, isoBOC 유도체화 분석방법과 TBDMS 유도체화 분석방법을 비교하였다. 시료의 전처리는 유기용매로 추출하고 농축하여 분석한 방법과 XAD-4를 이용한 액체-고체 추출 후 isoBOC 유도체화와 TBDMS 유도체화를 실시하였다. 11종의 페놀류에 대한 회수율 실험은 3차 증류수에 각각 10 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$ (US EPA 방법) 또는 2 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$ (isoBOC 유도체화 분석방법과 TBDMS 유도체화 분석방법)의 농도를 대상으로 측정한 결과 각각 85.1~109.9%와 90.3~126.6%의 결과를 얻었다. 각 분석방법의 비스페놀 A에 대한 분석방법 검출한계는 US EPA 분석방법, isoBOC 유도체화 분석방법과 TBDMS 유도체화 분석방법이 각각 0.732 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$, 0.002 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$와 0.021 ${\mu}g/{\ell}$로 나타났으며, $5{\sim}400ng/{\ell}$의 농도 범위에서 isoBOC 유도체화 분석방법과 TBDMS 유도체화 분석방법 각각 0.9755~0.9981과 0.9908~0.9996의 직선성을 보였다. 폴리에틸렌 공장의 방류수를 대상으로 잔류량을 측정한 결과 일부페놀이 검출한계 이하에서 흔적으로 나타났다.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제13권5호
• /
• pp.683-692
• /
• 2000

음식포장용 필름은 열이 노출시 재질과 첨가제들에 기인한 휘발성 화합물들이 방출된다. 그러나 이러한 휘발성 유기화합물은 기존의 용매추출법을 이용한 시험방법으로는 평가하기가 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실생활에서 사용되고 있는 식품용 플라스틱 필름의 사용조건을 고려해줄 수 있는 열추출장치를 개발하였다. 그리고 PVC재질의 식품용 필름을 실생활에서 사용하는 온도범위($50-120^{\circ}C$)에서 열노출시켜 발생하는 휘발성 유기화합물들을 on-column 저온농축방법을 사용하여 GC/MS로 분석하였다. PVC필름을 열노출 시켰을 때 방출되는 휘발성 유기화합물을 분석한 결과, $C_{12}-C_{18}$의 파라핀계 탄화수소류와 내분비계 교란물질로 알려진 터트부틸페놀과 디메틸프탈레이트와 노닐페놀을 포함한 알킬페놀류가 확인되었다. 테트라메틸부틸페놀은 $50^{\circ}C$에서는 $0.07ng/cm^2$였고, 온도에 따라 증가하여 $100^{\circ}C$에서 $3.94ng/cm^2$의 가장 높은 방출량을 나타냈다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.387-392
• /
• 2012

A series of Pd-based catalysts were prepared and examined for the amination of 2,6-dimethylphenol in a fixedbed reactor. The best results were obtained for Pd/$Al_2O_3$-BaO with a conversion of 99.89% and a selectivity of 91.16%. These catalysts were characterized using BET, XRD, XPS, TEM and $NH_3$-TPD. Doped BaO not only improved the dispersion of the Pd particles but also decreased the acidity of the catalyst, which remarkably enhanced the selectivity and stability of the catalyst. The generality of Pd/$Al_2O_3$-BaO for this kind of reaction was demonstrated by catalytic aminations of o- and p-alkyl phenols.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.216-223
• /
• 2008

An efficient method for the simultaneous determination of eleven phenolic endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) present in wastewater influent samples was described. The 11 phenolic EDCs including alkylphenols, chlorophenols, and bisphenol A were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC/MS-SIM) following two work-up methods for comparison; isobutoxycarbonyl (isoBOC) derivatization and tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) derivatization. The wastewater influent samples containing the 11 EDCs were adjusted to pH 2 with $H_2SO_4$ and then cleaned up with n-hexane. Next, they were subjected to solid-phase extraction (SPE) with XAD-4 resin and subsequently converted to isoBOC or TBDMS derivatives for sensitivity analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring (GC/MSSIM). Following isoBOC derivatization and TBDMS derivatization, the recoveries were 86.6-105.2% and 97.6-142.7%, the limits of quantitation (LOQ) for the 11 phenolic EDCs for SIM was 0.001-0.050 ng/mL and 0.003-0.050 ng/mL, and the SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying by 0.9717-0.9995 and 0.9842-0.9980, respectively. When these methods were applied to five selected wastewater influent samples, for isoBOC derivatization and TBDMS derivatization the ranges of concentration detected were 0.2-99.6 ng/mL and 0.4-147.4 ng/mL, respectively.

• 한국환경농학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국환경농학회 2011년도 30주년 정기총회 및 국제심포지엄
• /
• pp.128-135
• /
• 2011

Consortia demonstrated the high capacities of anaerobic degradation of various aromatic compounds, which were successfully enriched from gley paddy soils under different conditions. Phenol and cresol was decomposed anaerobically using nitrate, ferric oxide or sulfate as electron acceptors. Biphenyl was degraded to $CO_2$, especially without addition of external electron acceptor. Alkylphenols with middle length of alkyl chain, were co-metaboliocally degraded with the presence of hydroxylbenzoate as the co-substrate under nitrate reducing conditions. The microorganisms responsible for the anaerobic co-metabolism was Thauera sp. Reductive dechlorination activity was also observed for polychlorophenols, fthalide, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins with the presence of lactate, formate or $H_2$ as electron donor. The fthalide dechlorinator was classified as Dehalobacter sp. Coupling of two physiologically-distinct anaerobic consortia, aromatic ring degrader and reductive dechlorinator, resulted in the mineralization of pentachlorophenol under anaerobic conditions. These results suggested that gley paddy soils harbored anaerobic microbial community with versatile capacity degrading aromatic compounds under anaerobic conditions.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• 제28권
• /
• pp.16.1-16.8
• /
• 2013

Objectives Fish vitellogenin (VTG) is produced in the female liver during oogenesis through the estradiol cycle and produced in the male liver by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as alkylphenols. In this study, we propose that the VTG concentration in the pale chub could be detected using monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies against vitellin (Vn) in a VTG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. Methods Monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies were produced using the Vn extracted from the matured ovum of the ovary. The VTG was extracted from the plasma of the male pale chub. The Vn and VTG were confirmed by measuring the molecular weight of their proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and the specificity of the antibodies was checked through western blotting methods. The assay system was validated with respect to optimal assay concentrations, specificity, recovery, and intra- and inter-assay variations. Results The Vn consisted of two protein bands with apparent molecular weights of 64 and 37 kDa. The SDS-PAGE indicated protein weights of 146 and 77 kDa in the VTG. The assay range was 15.6 ng/mL to 2,000 ng/mL, and the value of the intra- and inter-assay variations were within 10.0% and 14.7%, respectively. The recovery rate was $99.5{\pm}5.5%$. Conclusions A sandwich ELISA was developed that could be used to qualify the VTG of pale chub in screening for EDCs. Pale chub is an ideal species for observing estrogen activity in the environment because of its extensive habitat and extensive food chain. The ELISA developed here would be more favorable than those for other species for determining the effect of long-term food chain accumulation of EDCs in aquatic environments.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국응용약물학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 및 정기총회
• /
• pp.112-112
• /
• 2001

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is an environmental toxin that activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and disrupts multiple endocrine signaling pathways by enhancing ligand metabolism, altering hormone synthesis, down regulating receptor levels, and interfering with gene transcription. And TCDD-mediated gene transactivation via the AhR has been shown to be dependent upon estrogen receptor (ER) expression in human breast cancer cells. In the present study, we have examined the effect of natural estrogen, phytoestrognes and environmental estrogens on the regulation of CYP1A1 gene expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. that ER and AhR are co-expressed. pCYP1A1 -luc reporter gene was transiently transfected into MCF-7 cells. These cells were treated with various chemicals and then luciferase assay was carried out. 17be1a-estradiol significantly inhibited TCDD stimulated luciferase activity dose dependently and this inhibition was partially recovered by concomitant treatment of tamoxifen. 17beta-estradiol metabolites, 2-hydroxyestradiol and 16alpha-estriol resulted in less potent inhibitory effect than estradiol and synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol (DES) showed no effect on CYP1A1 gene expression. This study demonstrated that estrogen down-regulated TCDD stimulated CYP1A1 expression via ER mediation. And we have found out that several flavonoids such as genistein, kaempferol, daidzein, naringenin, and alkylphenols such as nonylphenol, 4-octylphenol and resveratrol also inhibited TCDD induced CYP1A1 expression like estrogen.

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2015

Bisphenol A is widely used in plastic and other industrial consumer products. Release of bisphenol A and its analogues into the aquatic environment during manufacture, use and disposal has been a great scientific and public concern due to their toxicity and endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic wildlife and even human beings. More recent studies have shown that these alkylphenols may affect the molting processes and survival of crustacean species such as American lobster, crab and shrimp. In this study, we have developed gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) methods for the determination of bisphenol A and its analogues in shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii, blue crab Callinectes sapidus and American lobster Homarus americanus samples. Bisphenol A, 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol and 4-cumylphenol were found in shrimp in the concentration ranges of 0.67-5.51, 0.36-1.61, and < LOD (the limit of detection)-1.96 ng/g (wet weight), and in crab of 0.10-0.44, 0.13-0.62, and 0.26-0.58 ng/g (wet weight), respectively. In lobster tissue samples, bisphenol A, 2-t-butyl-4-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol, 2,6-bis-(t-butyl)-4-(dimethylbenzyl)phenol, 2,4-bis-(dimethybenzyl)phenol, 2,4-bis-(dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol and 4-cumylphenol were determined at the concentration ranges of 4.48-7.01, 1.23-2.63, 2.71-9.10, 0.35-0.91, 0.64-3.25, and 0.44-1.00 ng/g (wet weight), respectively. At these concentration levels, BPA and its analogs may interfere the reproduction and development of crustaceans, such as larval survival, molting, metamorphosis and shell hardening.