• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.47
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• pp.89-100
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• 1999

This study was carried to a textile conservation process included washing effect fiber analysis such as fiber identification fabric density and thickness color fading and of extracted soils. the following results were obtained. 1. AS a result of investigating to fabric surfaces by S.E.M all of cleaning methods wet cleaning-solvent cleaning in charge system were effective to remove soils from fabrics. 2. The buried fabrics were made of silk few of them were cotton ramie and hemp. 3. According to fabric density and thickness used fabrics were almost medium weight fabrics. 4. Low values of L, a, b indicated that the colors of these fabrics were faded to yellow and brown. 5. The soil components were hydrocarbon-alkane group alkyl alcohol and ketone group.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.270-273
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• 1994

Pseudomonas putida 3SK, which was constructed by the conjugal transfet of the $CAM::TOL^{*}$ plasmid of Pseudomonas putida CSnA and the NAH plasmid of Pseudomonas putida KCTC 2403 into n-alkane assimilating Pseudomonas putida KCTC 2405, showed a broad degradation spectrum and floc-forming ability. This strain degraded m-toluic acid, naphthalene, camphor and decane simultaneously. $Hg^{2+}$ at the concentration of 1 ppm in the minimal medium could not inhibit the growth of this strain. The degradation of m-toluic acid by Pseudomonas putida 3SK was not repressed by the easily utilizable compounds, such as glucose and succinate. But, the addition of formalin inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas putida 3SK. After the cultivation of this strain on the artificial wastewater containing m-toluic acid, naphthalene, camphor and decane for 24 hr, the initial COD value (1500) of the artificial wastewater was declined to 300.

• Proceedings of the Zoological Society Korea Conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.238.2-238
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• 1996

No Abstract, See Full Text

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1554-1560
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• 2008

The probe diffusion and friction constants of methyl yellow (MY) in liquid n-alkanes of increasing chain length were calculated by equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at temperatures of 318, 418, 518 and 618 K. Lennard-Jones particles with masses of 225 and 114 g/mol are modeled for MY. We observed that the diffusion constant of the probe molecule follows a power law dependence on the molecular weight of nalkanes, DMY${\sim}M^{-\gamma}$ well. As the molecular weight of n-alkanes increases, the exponent $\gamma$ shows sharp transitions near n-dotriacontane ($C_{32}$) for the large probe molecule (MY2) at low temperatures of 318 and 418 K. For the small probe molecule (MY1) $D_{MY1}$ in $C_{12}$ to C80 at all the temperatures are always larger than Dself of n-alkanes and longer chain n-alkanes offer a reduced friction relative to the shorter chain n-alkanes, but this reduction in the microscopic friction for MY1 is not large enough to cause a transition in the power law exponent in the log-log plot of DMY1 vs M of n-alkane. For the large probe molecule (MY2) at high temperatures, the situation is very similar to that for MY1. At low temperatures and at low molecular weights of n-alkanes, $D_{MY2}$ are smaller than $D_{self}$ of n-alkanes due to the relatively large molecular size of MY2, and MY2 experiences the full shear viscosity of the medium. As the molecular weight of n-alkane increases, $D_{self}$ of n-alkanes decreases much faster than $D_{MY2}$ and at the higher molecular weights of n-alkane, MY2 diffuses faster than the solvent fluctuations. Therefore there is a large reduction of friction in longer chains compared to the shorter chains, which enhances the diffusion of MY2. The calculated friction constants of MY1 and MY2 in liquid n-alkanes supported these observations. We deem that this is the origin of the so-called“solventoligomer”transition.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.300-306
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• 2000

Several bacterial strains utilizing crude oil as their sole carbon and energy source were isolated from polluted marine by crude oil. One of the strains, named KCL-2 showed strong degradation activity for crude oil. This strain was identified as a Klebsiella sp. based on the morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. The optimum cultural conditions were as follows; $27^{\circ}C$~$37^{\circ}C$ for temperature and 7.0 for initial pH. Additionally, the optimal concentration of sodium chloride was 3.0%, confirming indicating that this strain was derived from sea water.The strain KCL-2 could use several kinds of n-alkane hydrocarbones from octadecane to octacosane as a sole carbon source. The emulsifying activity by KCL-2 was the highest after 3 days of cultivation under the condition of 3.0% sodium chloride, pH 7.0 and 32$^{\circ}C$. This strain had several criptic plasmids.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.451-456
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• 1999

Microorganisms utilizing petroleum as substrate were screened from the seawater in Pusan coastal area. Among them, fifty strains utilized bunker-A oil as a sole carbon and energy source. Five of these fifty strains were selected to experiment this study. According to the taxonomic characteristics of its morphological, cultural and biochemical properties, the selected stains were named Pseudomonas sp. EL-12, Flavobacterium sp. EL-15, Acinetobacter sp. EL-18, Enterobacter sp. EL-27 and Micrococcus sp. EL-43, respectively. The optimal medium compositions and cultural conditions for assimilation of bunker-A oil by the selected strains were 1.5-2% bunker-A oil, 0.1% $NH_4NO_3$, 1-1.5% $MgSO_4$.$7H_2O$, 0.05-0.15% KCl, 0.1-0.15% $CaCl_2$.$2H_2O$, 2.5-3.5% NaCl, initial pH 8-9, temperature 3$0^{\circ}C$ and aeration, respectively. The utilization and degradation characteristics on the various hydrocarbons by the selected stains were showed that bunker oil, n-alkane and branched alkane compounds were highly activity than cyclic alkane and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1982

A Corynebacterium sp. capable of utilizing diaminododecane (DAD) were isolated from the soil by enrichment culture. Among 9 different kinds of substituted alkanes containing CN, NH$_2$, Cl, and SH groups (monoteminally or diterminally substituted) tested as carbon source, the isolate, designated as DAD 2-2. utilized DAD, putrescine dihydrochloride, dodecanethiol, dodecane and lautylamine. Thioanisole, decanedithiol, dicyanooctane, laurylcyanide, and dichlorodecane were not utilized. When emulgen 950 was added to the medium, the growth of DAD 2-2 was greatly accelerated. Isolated DAD 2-2 grown in the medium with DAD as carbon source formed ethyl $\alpha$-ketoglutarate. Metabolic product of DAD 2-2 grown in a medium without nitrogen source was different from that of grown in a medium with NH$_4$NO$_3$. When glucose, putrescine, n-dodecane and other alkane derivatives were tested in place of DAD, isolate DAD 2-2 yielded products different from those they formed with DAD suggesting specificity of DAD as a carbon source.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.265-273
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• 2011

HC-SCR was conducted using Fe/ZSM5 catalyst coated over 200 cpi cordierite in the conditions of atomspheric pressure and $200^{\circ}C-500^{\circ}C$. Among the tested hydrocarbon reductants, isobutane (i-$C_4H_{10}$) showed the highest de-$NO_x$ yield of 69% at $320^{\circ}C$ with the mole ratio of reductant/$NO_x$ =1.0. De-$NO_x$ yield resulted by the change of alkane reductant was increased as the carbon number of alkane reductant was increased. The order of increase of de-$NO_x$ yield was proportional to the order of decrease of bonding energy between C and H of reductant, where the H abstraction step from alkane molecule could be the rate controlling step of HC-SCR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1611-1616
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• 2002

The alkanes in plant materials can potentially be used as markers to estimate composition and digestibility of diet of deer for the development of feeding strategies, but the analysis of alkanes in plant materials and deer faeces is time-consuming and expensive. In this study, 242 faecal samples and 119 pasture samples were scanned using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and the concentrations of alkanes in these samples were analysed to develop calibrations for predicting alkane concentrations in pastures and deer faeces. The $R^2$ values for NIR calibrations were <0.6 for $C_{24}$, $C_{26}$, $C_{32}$ and $C_{36}$, but were >0.8 for other alkanes for faecal samples. The $R^2$ values were >0.87 for alkanes with chains from $C_{27}$ to C35 for pasture samples. However, NIR was unable to predict concentrations of alkanes with chains of $C_{24}$, $C_{26}$, $C_{32}$ and $C_{36}$ in faecal samples and $C_{24}$, C25, $C_{26}$ and $C_{36}$ in pasture samples. While the use of these NIR calibrations will accelerate the estimation of diet digestibility, dietary components and botanical composition of pastures, the influence of the type of pasture on NIR calibration will require further examination.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2000

In the prior studies, we reported that the dye uptakes of C. I. Disperse Violet 1 on polyester fiber in hexane and cyclohexane were higher than those in the other solvents, as the number of carbon atoms of alkanes decreased, the dye uptake increased, and the logarithmic plot of the dye uptakes vs. the solubilities of the dye showed that the dye uptakes are inversely proportional to the solubilities. In this study, for Interpretation of dyeing behavior of C. I. Disperse Violet 1 on polyester in alkanes, the thremodynamic parameters of dyeing, such as standard affnity, heat of dyeing(enthalpy change), entropy change, diffusion coefficient, and activation energy of diffusion, were obtained from isotherms and dyeing rates at different temperature. As the number of carbon atoms of alkanes increased, the standard affinity decreased, but the heat of dyeing(enthalpy change) and the entropy change showed larger negative values. These results mean that as the number of carbon atoms of alkanes increases, the dye uptake decreases, but both the fraction of the dye molecules dyed at relatively highly aligned or compact region of polyester fiber and the regularity of dye aggregates in the fiber become increased. As the number of carbon atoms of alkanes increased, the diffusion coefficient decreased, but the activation energy of diffusion increased. In the alkane of larger number of carbon atoms, because the solubility of the dye is higher, the desorption rate of the dye is faster and the diffusion coefficient is smaller than those in the smaller alkanes. But the energy required to separate the dye molecules from the alkane molecules is much higher because the interaction between the alkane molecule and the dye molecule become strong with the number of carbon atoms.