• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.92-102
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• 2021

In this study, the distribution characteristics according to the type of BOD and the effect of nitrogenous oxygen demand (NOD) and algal oxygen demand on BOD in three streams (Bokhacheon, Byeongseongcheon, and Gulpocheon) were evaluated. Although the BOD and NOD concentrations demonstrated a difference in the three streams, the carbonaceous BOD(CBOD)/BOD ratio was 0.75 (p=0.053, one-way ANOVA), and there was no significant difference in the three streams (r2≥0.92, p<0.0001). The NOD concentration of the Bokhacheon with high NH3-N was 1.7±1.3 mg/L, which was the highest among the three streams and showed a significant correlation with BOD. Seasonal variations in NOD in the three streams did not show a significant correlation with changes in NH3-N concentration (r2<0.28, p≥0.1789), and there was no significant difference in NOD even though NH3-N concentration in Gulpocheon was about twice that of Byeongseongcheon (p=0.870, one way ANOVA). The particulate CBOD(PCBOD)/CBOD ratio of the three streams was 0.55~0.64, and about 60% of the biodegradable organic matter was present in the particulate form. When the Chl.a concentration in the stream was more than 7 ㎍/L, the PCBOD tended to increase with the Chl.a concentration (r2=0.61, p=0.003). In the three streams, particulate NOD accounted for 81% of NOD; however, despite the large variation in NH3-N concentration (0.075~3.182 mg/L), there was no significant difference in soluble NOD(SNOD) concentration that ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L. In this study, the low contribution rate of SNOD to NOD is considered as a result of the removal of nitrifying bacteria along with the particles during the filtration process.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.696-714
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• 2017

Simple material budget models were developed to predict the spring season (March ~ May) water quality for a river-type reservoir Paldang, in the Republic of Korea. These models are available at mixed water bodies whose light intensity is negligible at the bottom. The calculated data from the models fit quite well with field data collected for 30 years, from 1988 to 2017. The apparent settling velocity of total phosphorus was estimated to be $110m\;d^{-1}$. The critical hydraulic load that determines the usability of phosphorus for algal production appeared to be about $2.0m\;d^{-1}$. When a hydraulic load was larger than the critical value, the concentrations of chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ ($Chl.{\alpha}$), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand BOD in the reservoir water became insensitive to internal algal reactions. The model analysis showed that the allochthonous COD continued to increase while the allochthonous BOD slightly decreased after 1999. The decrease of allochthonous BOD is due to the expansion of sewage and wastewater treatment plants in the watershed. The increase of allochthonous COD seems to result from the increase in anthropogenic non-point sources as well as the increase in the discharge of natural organic matters due to climate change. Organic matter of algal origin continued to increase until the mid-2000s, but recently it has decreased as the phosphorus concentration has decreased. The COD and BOD of algal origin increased from 35 % and 27 % during 1988 ~ 1994 to 43 % and 40 % during 2000 ~ 2010, respectively, and then decreased to 25 % and 28 % during 2011 ~ 2017.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.900-908
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• 2016

The effects of algal inoculation on chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal, and indigenous bacterial dynamics were investigated in municipal wastewater. Experiments were conducted with municipal wastewater inoculated with either Chlorella vulgaris AG10032, Selenastrum gracile UTEX 325, or Scenedesmus quadricauda AG 10308. C. vulgaris and S. gracile as fast growing algae in municipal wastewater, performed high COD and TN removal in contrast to Sc. quadricauda. The indigenous bacterial dynamics revealed by 16S rRNA gene amplification showed different bacterial shifts in response to different algal inoculations. The dominant bacterial genera of either algal case were characterized as heterotrophic nitrifying bacteria. Our results suggest that selection of indigenous bacteria that symbiotically interact with algal species is important for better performance of wastewater treatment.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.488-498
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• 2016

축산지역 강우유출수 처리를 위한 간헐 포기식 인공습지에서 산소공급 및 소비량을 산출하여 낮과 밤 동안의 산소수지(oxygen balance)를 분석하였다. 조류의 광합성 활동이 활발한 얕은 습지에서 주간에는 내부 생산되는 산소가 지배적이었다. 또한 조류에 의한 내호흡이 가장 큰 소비원인 것으로 분석되었으며 질산화와 탈질에 의한 소비량은 각각 전체의 약 5.35%와 6.43%인 것으로 분석되었다. 조류에 의한 과도한 양의 산소소비는 포기조작에 의한 침전조류의 재부상에 의해 초래된 것으로 후속 공정에도 지속적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 더욱이 주간에 조류의 광합성 활동에 의해 생산된 풍부한 산소량은 습지에서 발생하는 산소요구량을 충족시키기에 충분한 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 주간에 실시되는 인위적인 포기활동은 불필요한 조작으로 판명되었다. 이와 반면에 광합성 활동이 중단되는 야간에는 조류의 내호흡작용으로 습지내부의 산소농도가 크게 저하하였으며 이는 습지에서 탈질반응을 촉진하는 것으로 추정된다. 따라서 인위적인 포기를 중단해도 유기물질 제거나 질소제거에 큰 영향을 미치지 않을 것으로 판단되며, 야간에 혐기성 상태의 지속으로 악취와 같은 문제가 발생될 수 있으므로 간헐적인 모드로 운전하는 것이 타당할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2005년도 학술발표논문집
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• pp.626-631
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• 2005

Monitoring data from agricultural reservoirs throughout the country were analyzed to evaluate the limiting factor for algal growth and correlationship between Chl-a, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). It was used for the analysis to monitored data of 394 reservoirs such as TP, TN, Chl-a, and COD from 1999 to 2003. This study analyzed water quality items in terms of areas, seasons. It turned out that phosphorus in agricultural reservoirs (about 80%) was dominant limiting factor for algal growth. Therefor, it appears that the appropriate managements of phosphorus in the agricultural watershed are crucial to prevent excessive on algal growth. Generally, there is correlation between Chl-a and TP while Chl-a do not have effect on TN. Also, Chl-a have influence on COD. This study could be used beneficially for water quality management of agricultural reservoirs and related water quality modeling.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.136-145
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• 2002

Monitoring data from agricultural reservoirs throughout the country were analyzed to evaluate the limiting factor fur algal growth and relationships between Chl-a, total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN). Total 394 reservoirs ranging from below 500 ㎥ to over 50 million ㎥ in storage volume were monitored from 1990 to 2000 with respect to TP, W, Chl-a, and their annual mean values were used fur the analysis. Based on N/P ratio, the dominant limiting factor for algal growth was turned out to be phosphorus in agricultural reservoirs (about 83%). Therefore, the proper managements of phosphorus in the agricultural watershed appear to be crucial to prevent excessive on algal growth. The effects of phosphorus and nitrogen ware most eminent during the summer period. And the effect of nutrients on the algal biomass (Chl-a) development appeared to be greater in smaller the reservoirs than in larger ones. Generally, Chl-a and TP demonstrated a close relationship while that of Chl-a and TN showed less correlationship. Chl-a and chemical oxygen demand (COD) also showed a good relationship. Beth ratios of Chl-a / TP and Chl-a / COD relationships were within the range of literature values. Quantitative analysis of TP and COD is relatively convenient compared to that of Chl-a, and the relationship between TP and COD and Chl-a from this study could be used beneficially for water quality management of agricultural reservoirs and related water quality modeling.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.255-259
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• 2021

This is the first report describing acute mass mortality occurred in juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) caused by gas bubble disease (GBD). A total of 610 fish (average weight = 35 g), which were more than half of the fish acclimated at 17℃ in an aquarium, were killed within two days of acclimation. The dead and moribund fish showed excessively opened opercula and mouths, and occasionally, severe exophthalmia. Through microscopic observation, numerous gas emboli were found in the gills of the dead and live fish, while the fish were not infected with any microbial pathogens. The dissolved oxygen (DO) saturation level of the rearing water and seawater nearby the facility reached 145% and 286%, respectively, whereas other water quality parameters (such as salinity, pH, and chemical oxygen demand) were normal. The extreme saturation rate of seawater in the shore nearby seemed to be due to an enormous algal bloom that occurred there. Through molecular identification based on 18S rDNA sequences, the most dominant algal species was most closely related to Ulva californica (99.87% sequence identity) followed by U. prolifera, U. linza, and U. curvata (99.81%). Therefore, it can be concluded that supersaturated seawater due to mass algal bloom caused gas bubble disease in the olive flounder, leading to mass mortality. After technical adjustment, such as increased aeration, lowered water circulation rate, and inlet water filtration using micro-pore carbon filters, the DO level became normal, no further mortality occurred and the status of the fish was stabilized.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.851-861
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• 2019

In this study, we performed a sediment elution experiment to evaluate water quality in terms of phosphorus, as influenced by the dissolved oxygen consumed by sediments. Three separate model column treatments, namely, raw, calcined, and sonicated oyster shell powders, were used in this experiment. Essential phosphorus fractions were examined to verify their roles in nutrient release from sediment based on correlation analyses. When treated with calcined or sonicated oyster shell powder, the sediment-water interface became "less anaerobic," thereby producing conditions conducive to partial oxidation and activities of aerobic bacteria. Sediment Oxygen Demand (SOD) was found to be closely correlated with the growth of algae, which confirmed an intermittent input of organic biomass at the sediment surface. SOD was positively correlated with exchangeable and loosely adsorbed phosphorus and organic phosphorus, owing to the accumulation of unbound algal biomass-derived phosphates in sediment, whereas it was negatively correlated with ferric iron-bound phosphorus or calcium fluorapatite-bound phosphorus, which were present in the form of "insoluble" complexes, thereby facilitating the free migration of sulfate-reducing bacteria or limiting the release from complexes, depending on applied local conditions. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that iron-reducing bacteria were the dominant species in control and non-calcined oyster shell columns, whereas certain sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were identified in the column treated with calcined oyster powder.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.469-479
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• 1995

The increase of population and industrial activities had brought into eutrophication in the Nakdong river. A remarkable acceleration of eutrophication brought about serious problems for water supply. Therefore, for the purpose of conservation of water quality in the Nakdong river it is necessary to control nutrients. MBOD method was use to evaluate algal growth limiting factor and algal growth potential in the Nakdong river from June to August 1994. The modified biochemical oxygen demand(MBOD) depends on the amount of available inorganic nutrient and organic substrate during 5 day incubation in the dark at 2$0^{\circ}C$. The MBOD assay depends on inorganic nutrients such as P and N as well as reduced carbon and called the MBOD, the MBOD-P, and the MBOD-N, respectively. The results of bioassay by MBOD(Modified BOD) method showed that the MBOD, MBOD-P and MBOD-N value were found to be in the ranges of 3.8~96.0 mg$O_2$/l, 5.6~94.0 mg$O_2$/l and 42.0~220 mg$O_2$/l, respectively. And the the bioassay value was found to be the highest in Koryong area and the lowest in Waekwan area throughout the Nakdong river. The variations of MBOD-P and MBOD-N value showed similar tendencies to the variations of phosphorus and nitrogen value, respectively. By MBOD method, the relationships of MBOD, MBOD-P and MBOD-N value were MBOD ≒ MBOD-P 《 MBOD-N. The MBOD value was nearly equal to the MBOD-P value, and the MBOD-N value was 3 to 20 times more than the MBOD-P value, approximately. Therefore, in the Nakdong river, phosphorus was the limiting factor for algal growth during summer season. The algal growth potential as the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the summer was maximum 5 times more than standing crop as it.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.438-445
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• 1993

유기칠 폐기물을 보다 효율적으로 처리하고자, 상 분리 혐기발효와 Chiorella 배양에 의한 생우분의 4 단계-복합처리를 시도하였다. 3배 희석 생우분을 6 일간 산발효시킨 발효액을 4 일의 수리학적 체류시 간으로 1차 에탄발효조에 공급했을 때, 평균 977ml/l C비ture/day의 바이오가스가 생산되었고, 1차 발효 폐액을 역시 4일의 체류시간으로 2차 메탄발효조에 공급했을 때 평균 428ml/l culture/day의 바이오 가스가 생산되었다. 1차 메탄발효의 바이오가스 생 산성은 재래의 단일조식과 비교했을 때 31.4% 증가 되었다. 또한 산발효과정, 1차 및 2차 에탄발효과정 의 유기물 제거율은 각기 71.8%, 42.6% 그리고 2 24.0%였다. 한편, 2차 메탄발효폐액은 Chiarella s sp. PSH3에 의해 10일의 체류시간으로 반연속배양 처리한 결과, 평균 1.8g/l culture/day(2.8$\times$106 cells/ml)의 조체가 생산되었고, 이 과정의 유기물 제거율은 73%였다. 이상의 4단계 처리과정을 통하 여 초발원료인 3배 희석 생우분의 COD가 51, 300ppm에서 최종단계인 Chiarella의 처리에 의해 평균 85ppm으로 감소되어 총유기물 제거율이 99.8 %에 달하였다. 이들의 결과는 유기질 폐기물의 효 율적 처리와 더불어 바이오가스와 균체단백질을 생산하는 복합처리계의 구성이 가능함을 나타낸다.