• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.179-182
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• 2013

Human cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) is a well-conserved xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme expressed in liver, kidney, nasal mucosa, brain, lung, and other tissues. CYP2E1 is inducible by ethanol, acetone, and other low-molecular weight substrates and may mediate development of chemically-mediated cancers. CYP2E1 polymorphisms alter the transcriptional activity of the gene. This study was conducted in order to investigate the allele frequency variation in different populations of Andhra Pradesh. Two hundred and twelve subjects belonging to six populations were studied. Genotype and allele frequency were assessed through TaqMan allelic discrimination (rs6413419) and polymerase chain reaction-sequencing (-1295G>C and -1055C>T) after DNA isolation from peripheral leukocytes. The data were compared with other available world populations. The SNP rs6413419 is monomorphic in the present study, -1295G>C and -1055C>T are less polymorphic and followed Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all the populations studied. The -1295G>C and -1055C>T frequencies were similar and acted as surrogates in all the populations. Analysis of HapMap populations data revealed no significant LD between these markers in all the populations. Low frequency of $CYP2E1^*c2$ could be useful in the understanding of south Indian population gene composition, alcohol metabolism, and alcoholic liver disease development. However, screening of additional populations and further association studies are necessary. The heterogeneity of Indian population as evidenced by the different distribution of $CYP2E1^*c2$ may help in understanding the population genetic and evolutionary aspects of this gene.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.361-370
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• 2006

To evaluate an effect of pathological liver damage on the conjugation of cyclohexane metabolites, rats were pretreated with 50% $CCl_4$ dissolved in olive oil (0.1 ml/100 g body weight) 10 or 17 times intraperitoneally at intervals of every other day. On the basis of liver function, the animals pretreated with $CCl_4$ 10 times were identified as acutely liver damaged ones and the animals pretreated with $CCl_4$ 17 times were identified as severly liver damaged ones. To these liver damaged animals, cyclohexane (a single dose of 1.56 g/kg body weight, i.p.) was administered at 48 hr after the last injection of $CCl_4$. The rats were sacrificed at 4 or 8 hr after injection of cyclohexane. The cyclohexane metabolites, cyclohexanol (CH-ol), cyclohexane-1,2-diol (CH-1,2-diol), cyclohexane-1,4-diol (CH-1,4-diol), and their glucuronyl conjugates and cyclohexanone were detected in the urine of cyclohexane treated rats. The urinary concentration of cyclohexane metabolites was generally more increased in liver damaged animals than normal ones, and the increasing rate was higher in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected rats than 10 times injected ones. And liver damaged.ats, especially $CCl_4$ 17 times treated ones, had an enhanced ability of glucuronyl conjugation to CH-ol analogues compared with normal group. Futhermore, CH-1,2 and 1,4-diol were all conjugated with glucuronic acid in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected animals. On the other hand, the increasing rate of activities of hepatic cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase and urine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase was higher in 17 times $CCl_4$-treated rats compared with normal and $CCl_4$ 10 times injected animals. Taken all together, it is assumed that an increased urinary excretion amount of cyclohexane metabolites in liver damaged rats might be caused by an increase in the activities of cyclohexane metabolizing enzymes. And enhanced conjugating ability of CH-ol in liver damaged animals and novel finding of conjugating form of CH-1,2 and 1,4-diol might be caused by increase in the activity of hepatic diphosphouridine glucuronyltransferase.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2015

Objectives : Alcohol-related liver disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The present study was undertaken to determine whether Ganoderma lucidum pharmacopuncture(GLP) could protect against chronic liver injury induced by ethanol intoxication in rats. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: normal, control, normal saline pharmacopuncture(NP), and GLP, with 8 animals in each. Each group, except normal, received ethanol orally. The NP and GLP groups were treated daily with NP and GLP respectively. The control group was not treated. All rats except the normal group were intoxicated for 4 weeks by oral administration of EtOH(6 g/kg BW). Two acupuncture points were used: Qimen($LR_{14}$) and Taechung($LR_3$). Body weight, histopathological analysis, liver function, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and immunohistochemistry were assessed. Results : GLP reduced the histological changes due to chronic liver injury induced by EtOH and significantly reduced the increase in the alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) enzymes. It significantly reversed the superoxide dismutase(SOD) and the catalase activities(CAT). It also significantly decreased BAX and increased Bcl-2 immunoreactivity expression. Conclusions : This study showed the protective efficacy of GLP against EtOH-induced chronic liver injury in SD rats by modulating ethanol metabolizing enzymes activity, attenuating oxidative stress, and inhibiting mitochondrial damage-mediated apoptosis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 1983

To investigate the possibility of ethanol production from jerusalem artichoke tubers (Helianthus tuberosus L.), various yeast strains were evaluated for their potential in metabolizing carbohydrate from jerusalem artichoke tubers to ethanol. Among them, Kluyveromyces fragilis CBS 1555 showed the highest inulase activity and ethanol fermentability. On the batch kinetic analysis, K. fragilis also showed the highest in parameters for ethanol production and substrate utilization, although lower than Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y-10 in cell mass yield and ethanol production yield.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 1988

식이성 아연이 에탄올의 생체대사율에 미치는 영향을 검토코저 흰쥐에 식이중 아연의 함량(100ppm, 5ppm)을 달리하여 성장시키면서 에탄올을 4주 및 7주간 급여한 다음, 체중증가량과 에탄올의 대사에 관여한다고 알려져 있는 alcohol dehydrogenase, microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, catalase 및 aldehyde dehydrogenase의 활성변동과 혈중 에탄올 제거율을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 실험기간 중 체중증가량은 대조군에 비해 Zn이 부족한 실험군에서 감소되었으며, 에탄올을 투여한 CE군과 ZnDE군은 control에 비해 현저히 감소하였다. Zn 부족한 군(ZnD)에서의 간 ADH, MEOS의 활성 및 혈액중 에탄올 제거율이 아연이 충분히 함유된 대조군에 비해 감소하였으나, catalase와 AIDH의 활성은 별다른 차이를 관찰할 수 없었다. 한편 에탄올을 투여한 CE 및 ZnDE군에서는 대조군(C 및 ZnD)에 비하여 ADH, MEOS 및 혈액중 에탄올 제거율이 증가하였으며 그 증가율은 아연을 충분히 급여한 CE군에서 아연이 부족한 ZnDE 군에 비하여 높게 나타났다. AIDH의 활성은 에탄올의 투여에 의해 CE군에서는 증가하였으나 ZnDE군에서는 별다른 변동을 관찰할 수 없었으며 catalase의 활성은 전실험군에 있어서 차이를 발견할 수 없었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.675-681
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protein and fiber levels on the activities of ethanol metabolizing enzymes of liver in ethanol-treated rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed on diets containing two levels of protein(7, 20%/kg diet) and pectin(5, 10%/kg diet). In ethanol experiments, ethanol(25% v/v) was administered by oral intubation(5g/kg body weight) at the same time once a day Control animals received an isocaloric dose of sucrose. The rats were sacrificed after 5 weeks of feeding periods. Alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol oxidizing system activities of hepatic tissue were increased more in ethanol-treated groups than in control groups. Increment of activities predominated in normal protein normal fiber group. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity was decreased in ethanol-treated groups and significantly decreased in normal Protein normal fiber group. Cytochrome P-450 content was significantly increased in ethanol-treated groups and Predominated in normal protein groups. Xanthine oxidase activity was increased in ethanol-treated groups, but not significantly except normal protein normal fiber group. Glutathione content tended to increase in proportion to level of dietary protein and was higher in normal fiber groups than in high fiber groups, whereas it was decreased by ethanol treatment. Lipid Peroxide content was significantly increased in low Protein normal fiber groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.859-866
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• 1995

This study was done to investigate the effects of chronic ethanol feeding on hepatic microsomal cytochrome system, lipid peroxidation and peroxide metabolizing enzyme activities in 2-acetylaminofluorene(2-AAF) treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 120~125g, were pair-fed liquid diets containing 35% of total calories either as ethanol or isocaloric carbohydrates for 6 weeks. After 4 weeks of experimental diet feeding, 2-AAF(100mg/kg body weight) was injected twice a week intraperitoneally. Both weight and percent liver weight per body weight were significantly changed by ethanol feeding. Hepatic microsomal lipid peroxide value and the activities of glutathione(GSH) peroxidase and GSH reductase were not changed by either ethanol or 2-AAF treatment. However the analysis of cytochrome systems showed that both ethanol and 2-AAF increased cytochrome P-450 and bs contents although cytochrome P-450 content was moe affected by 2-AAF while cytochrome b5 content by ethanol. Cytosolic GSH S-transferase activity, which is often elevated during chemical carcinogenesis, also significantly increased by either ethanol feeding or 2-AAF treatment. Overall values for the cytochrome contents and GSH S-transferase activities were highest in 2-AAF treated rats fed ethanol. These results might support the hypothesis that the increase in liver cancer risk associated with chronic ethanol consumption might be due to, at least in part, enhancement of carcinogen bioactivation by ethanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2012

This study examined the protective effects of an ethanol extract of Youngia denticulata leaf (YDL) and Youngia denticulata root (YDR), and Youngia sonchifolia leaf (YSL) and Youngia sonchifolia root (YSR) on acute ethanol-intoxicated rat. The rats were pretreated with an ethanol extract of YDL, YDR, YSL and YSR for 4 weeks before being exposed to ethanol (5 g ethanol, po/kg BW). The biochemical indices (hepatic alcohol metabolic enzymes and serum ALT activities, and hepatic and serum lipid profiles) were examined to evaluate the protective effects. The hepatic ADH activities in all experimental groups were not changed significantly by acute ethanol after a pretreatment with the YS and YD ethanol extracts. In contrast, the ALDH activity in EC (ethanol control) was higher than that of NC (normal control); these activities in the YDL and YSL groups were significantly higher than that of the EC group. On the other hand, acute ethanol exposure resulted in a significant increase in the serum TG, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, hepatic TG, total lipid and cholesterol levels, and serum ALT activity, and a decrease in the serum HDL-cholesterol. A pretreatment with the YS and YD ethanol extracts dramatically attenuated these adverse effects. In particular, the YDL pretreatment markedly suppressed the ethanol-induced increase in the serum and hepatic TG and total cholesterol levels. Furthermore, serum ethanol was decreased by a pretreatment with YSL, YSR, YDL, or YDR. Overall, YD and YS ethanol extracts attenuate acute ethanol-induced hyperlipidemia and fatty liver significantly. Nevertheless, further study will be needed.