• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.308-312
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• 2022

Since the emergence of neonatal infant orthodontics for treatments of cleft lip and palate with or without Robin sequence (RS) in Europe in the 1950s, advancements in design and scope of its application have been remarkable. As the first institution to adopt orthodontic airway plate (OAP) treatment in the United States in 2019, we saw a need for innovation of the original design to streamline the most labor-intensive and time-consuming aspects of OAP utilization. A solution is introduced using a systematic split expansion mechanism to re-size the OAP periodically to accommodate the neonate's maxillary growth. To date, seven RS patients have received this modified treatment protocol at our institution. Each patient completed full treatment using only one OAP. This innovative utilization method is aptly named the split orthodontic airway plate (S-OAP). Details of the S-OAP and its modifications from conventional OAP are reported.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.343-350
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• 2000

The goal of this study is the comparison of upper airway size and change of skeletal Class I group and skeletal Class III group (before operation, within 2 weeks after operation, 6 months after operation) respectively. At first, we measured the lines between selected upper air way landmarks on lateral cephalometric x-ray film of skeletal Class I 40 persons whoes age were 23-26 years old, ,and did the same lines of landmarks of skeletal Class III 44 persons who had not been operated yet, were within 2 weeks after operation, were 6 months after operation. And we compared it respectively and analyzed it with paired t-test. We studied the relationship of those on produced data. 1. Skeletal Class III group was narrower in nasopharyngeal air way space than that of skeletal Class I group, and increased in thickness of oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal wall within 2 weeks after operation, and reduced in nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal air way space, and did in thickness of nasopharngeal, hypopharyngeal wall 6 months after operation. 2. Skeletal Class III group reduced in nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal air way space, and increased in thickness of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal wall within 2 weeks after operation, restored the thickness of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal wall, but did not restored nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal air way space. 3. Vertical length from hyoid bone to mandibular plane did not have signifacant difference from Class I group but after operation, it increased more than Class I group significantly. 4. The size of airway reduced after operation. Among this, oropharyngeal airway most reduced.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.1 s.48
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• pp.19-29
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• 1995

This study was performed to compare the size of soft palate, tongue and airway according to the types of the malocclusion and evaluate the correlation between the size of soft palate, tongue, airway and dentofacial skeleton respectively. The sample of this study was 98 malocclusion female patients between the ages 12 and 17 years. The lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken and the distance, angle, ratio and area of the dentofacial skeleton, soft palate, tongue and airway were measured and evaluated statistically. The results obtained were as follows: 1. There was significant difference in SNB, ANB, facial angle, facial convexity, A-B plane angel, Y axis to FH, SN-MP, Wits appraisal, ODI and APDI according to the types of malocclusion. 2. The hyoid bone was more posteriorly positioned in Class II malocclusion group than other two groups and superio-inferior position of the hyoid bone was not different according to the malocclusion types. 3. The nasopharyngeal area of Class II and Class III malocclusion group was smaller than that of Class I malocclusion group, and the pharyngeal area of Class II malocclusion group was smaller than that of Class I and Class III maocclusion group. There was no difference of the area of the soft palate, tongue, oropharynx and hypopharynx according to malocclusion types. 4. The ramal height and mandibular body length(Go-Me) showed positive correlation with the area of tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and pharynx. SNA did not correlated with the area of tongue and airway but SNB showed positive correlation with the area of hypopharynx and pharynx. The anterior, posterior facial height, upper and lower central incisor position to facial plane showed positive correlation with tongue area.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.1 s.54
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• pp.43-52
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the upper airway structure between the snorers and asymptomatic control subjects depending on the positional change. Lateral cephalograms in the upright and supine position were taken in 25 female snorers and 20 female asymptomatic control subjects. The length and the area of the soft palate, tongue and airway were measured and evaluated statistically. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The snorers showed longer and higher tongue, narrower and longer airway, inferiorly positioned hyoid bone, longer and broader soft palate and narrower hypopharynx than the control subjects both in the upright and supine position. In addition, the snorers showed broader tongue area and narrower oropharynx area than the control subjects in supine position. 2. Depending on the positional change from upright to supine position, the controls and the snorers showed decreased airway length and superior positioned the hyoid bone. In addition, the snorers showed decreased tongue length and height, airway length and thickness and oropharynx area, but increased tongue area and soft palate area.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 1985

Since the fact was known that mouth breathing resulted from the adenoid hypertropy causes malocclusion, many investigators have studied nasopharynx and adenoid in order to clarify the role in relation to the effect on face and occlustion and the development of airway. The author analyzed 13 items in longitudinal cephalometric roentgenograms of 17 boys and 19 girls taken from the age of 7 to 12. The results were as follows. 1. The means and standard deviation for the measured items were obtained. 2. The continual growth of nasopharyngeal cavity was more affected by the height than the depth. 3. The size of adenoid was larger in males than in females, especially on R, $D-AD_2$. 4. Airway percentage was highest in boys at age 10 and girls at age 9. 5. The items showed significant differentiation between males and females were airway percentage, posterior height, $D-AD_1,\;D-AD_2$, and R.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.61-70
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a realistic illustration using watercolors on a complete airway obstruction maneuver that is at an appropriate level for elementary school students from the first grade through the third. The illustration is a series of cuts divided into specific frames designed to illustrate the method to be followed in an action or a practical skill that would otherwise be too difficult to explain in written form. Methods: The fundamental theory of the Jeong In-Sung's instruction learning program based on the WEB to construct an appropriate site of instruction learning was used after modification. In this study analysis, design, and production stages were realized. Results: 1. In Stage 1, impressions of the illustration, in sketch form, were received. In Stage 2, results of impressions from a modified illustration were received. After an appropriate level of understanding and accuracy in the practical steps for emergency maneuvers were achieved the illustrations entering Stage 3 and color was added to the sketches. 2. In Stage 3, the illustration was completed by adding color to the contents for the practical steps in the complete airway obstruction maneuver. 3. For composition evaluation, a result of 100% appropriateness was obtained for both items of harmony between illustration and subject being studied and sufficiency in quantity of illustrations. Also high results for appropriateness in items such as clarity, creating interest, illustration size, and tone preference as related to content were achieved and thus completed the production stages. Conclusion: The Complete Airway Obstruction Maneuver Illustration developed specifically for the characteristics and cognitive level of elementary school students grade 1 through grade 3 was appropriate for teaching and learning. There is a need for future research on developed illustrations aimed at elementary school students grade 1 through 3 on the complete airway obstruction maneuver. There is also a need for continued effort in developing certified evaluating tools that can judge the suitability of illustrations and developing illustrations related to emergency maneuvers for various subjects and appropriate for learner level.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.4 s.69
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• pp.487-498
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate changes of airway size, tongue and hyoid position following orthognathic surgery in mandibular prognathism, and how they are adapted to new environment in time dependent manner. 37 patients, who had recieved orthognathic surgery, were selected for this study. lateral cephalogram of each patient was taken at preoperation, immediate postoperation, and over 6 month after operation, and were traced and analyzed The findings of this study were as follows : 1. The size of airway was not changed at PNS and Epiglottis level after operation, but it was changed slightly at 2nd cervical vertebra level. 2. The hyoid was moved inferoposteriorly at immediate postoperation, and then it shifted toward preoperative position, but it remained slightly inferoposterior position. The distance from hyoid to genial tubercle decreased continuously. 3. The position of tongue was moved inferoposteriorly at immediate postoperatioa and then it shifted toward preoperation position, but the root of the tongue remained inferoposteriorly. 4. The distance between tongue and hyoid was increased at immediate postoperation and slightly decreased during follow-up period. 5. The change of the mandibular position was not significantly correlated with changes of airway size, hyoid position, tongue morphology and tongue position.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.4 s.99
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• pp.293-305
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• 2003

The pharynx have significant locations and functions because it forms a part of the unit in which respiration and deglutition are carried out. Because of the closed relationship between the pharynx and the dentofacial and craniofacial structure, many studies are carried out on this subjects. The purpose of this study were to compare the airway size including pharynx, soft palate, tongue and hyoid bone between normal and hyperdivergent skeletal pattern and to evaluate the change of those size in different age. The sample of this study were consisted of 51 subjects in normal group, 52 subjects in hyperdivergent group. Each was divided into two subgroups by age , child group(9-l2yr old) and adult group(18yr old over). The lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken and the distance, angle and ratio of the facial skeleton, pharynx, soft palate, tongue and hyoid bone were measured and evaluated statistically. The result obtained were summarized as follows : 1 SN-Mn angle, FMA, and Pal-Mn angle were significantly larger in child group than adult group, but the lower anterior facial height(LAFH) and facial height ratio(FHR) were significantly smaller in child group than adult group. Occlu-Mn angle was significantly steep in hyperdivergent group than normal, but not significantly different between child group and adult group. 2. Hyperdivergent group and child group had the stronger correlation between SN-Mn angle, FMA, Pal-Mn angle, LAFH and FHR and airway size than normal group and adult group. Hyperdivevgent child group had significant negative correlation between SN-Mn angle, FMA, Pal-Mn angle and sagittal skeletal dimension of nasopharynx and sagittal depth of nasopharyngeal lumen. Significant positive correlation were seen between LAFH and vertical measurement of airway. 3. There was no difference of the linear measurement of airway size between hyperdivergent group and normal group. 4. Adult group had smaller posterior pharyngeal wall, target nasopharyngeal depth longer nasopharyngeal height and longer pharyngeal length than child group. 5. The sagittal measurement of hyoid bone had no difference between child group and adult group. But adult group had larger vertical measurement of hyoid bone than child group.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.871-874
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• 2011

Purpose: In some patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), Hypernasality can persist after surgical management. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is applied to these patients for treating hypernasality. The purpose of this study is to report follow-up results of postoperative CPAP therapy. Methods: After performing palatal lengthening, CPAP therapy was applied to three patients for eight weeks from July of 2008 to November of 2009. Perceptual evaluation, nasometry, and nasopharyngeal endoscopy were performed to evaluate hypernasality, nasalance and size of the gap at velopharyngeal port. Each evaluation was made before surgery, right after CPAP therapy and during follow-up of more than a year after CPAP therapy. Results: All of the patients showed improvement in hypernasality right after CPAP therapy according to the auditory perceptual evaluation, nasometry and nasopharyngeal endoscopy. But the improvement in hypernasality in these patients did not last during follow-up. Conclusion: In this study, our results suggest that CPAP therapy is effective in reducing hypernasality for postoperative VPI patients immediately after the therapy, but hypernasality may be worsen in some patients during follow-up. Therefore we recommend follow-ups after CPAP therapy to see if the efficacy of CPAP therapy lasts.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.307-313
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• 2018

The respiratory function is relevant to the craniofacial growth and orthodontic diagnosis. The size of the pharyngeal airway was measured in lateral cephalometric view in children visited Kyung Hee University Hospital from January 2015 to August 2017. A total of 74 healthy children (36 boys and 38 girls) aged 7 - 11 years (mean, 8.5 years) with a normodivergent facial pattern were divided into three groups according to anteroposterior jaw relation measuring A point-Nasion-B point (ANB) angle. Lateral cephalometric data were used to measure the airway dimensions. The dimensions of the middle airway were significantly lower, reducing the upper airway space, in large ANB angle group than in other children, suggesting that children with large ANB angle have narrower airway space than others.