• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 1990

During the period from Mar. 1985 to Feb. 1988, airborne particulate matters were collected and size fractionated by the ANdersen high volume air sampler in Seoul. The concentrations of several heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) and benzo(a)pyrene were determined to investigate the size distributions and seasonal variations. And with respect to seven components in the total suspended particulate (TSP), the factor analysis was performed for three groups such as the coarse particles (> 2 $\mu$m), fine particles (< $\mu$m) and TSP. As a result of factor analysis by using the varimax method, the chemical components in the TSP were able to characterize with two principal factors. The first factor, F1 was considered to be a factor indicating the contribution of natural sources and the second factor, F2 was a factor indicating the degree of artificial sources. Each components in the TSP was divided into two main groups of components originated from soil and/or road dust and pollutants originated from automobiles and/or human work.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.95-112
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• 2002

A precision analysis was conducted for the quantification of trace metal levels in airborne particulates using ICP-MS. According to our study the quantitative analysis using Whatman grade 41 filters produces more precise and representative values of metal concentrations than that using EPM 2000 filters. The mean concentration of PM 10 analyzed during 1998 ~ 2000 was 82 $\mu$g/m$^3$. The concentrations of human carcinogens such as As and Cr were 8.65 and 25.87 ng/m$^3$, respectively, while those of probable human carcinogens such as Cd and Pb were 3.13 and 219.46 ng/m$^3$, respectively. Time-weighted mean concentration, calculated using surface wind speed and direction, indicated that there were differences between metals of crustal origin and metals of anthropogenic origin. The rectorial concentrations of anthropogenic metals and PM 10 were higher for north -west sector with calm or low wind speed conditions than for any other sector with high wind speed conditions. On the contrary, the rectorial concentrations of crustal metals were high with high wind speed. In addition, the sectorial concentrations of crustal metals were more affected by south-west wind directions, which were compared with those of anthropogenic metals. The enrichment factor (EF) values of many anthropogenic metals were higher than 50, while those of crustal metals were lower than 3, respectively. The concentrations of Cr and Ni in Daejeon industrial complex area were 11 times higher than those in the background site of Kuopio in Finland, while that of Pb in the complex area was 22 times higher, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.283-299
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• 2017

An analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence (FL) detection was developed for simultaneously analyzing 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 18 nitro-derivatives of PAHs (NPAHs). The two-dimensional HPLC system consists of an on-line clean-up and reduction for NPAHs in the 1st dimension, and separation of the PAHs and the reduced NPAHs and their FL detection in the 2nd dimension after column-switching. To identify an ideal clean-up column for removing sample matrix that may interfere with detection of the analytes, the characteristics of 8 reversed-phase columns were evaluated. The nitrophenylethyl (NPE)-bonded silica column was selected because of its shorter elution band and larger retention factors of the analytes due to strong dipole-dipole interactions. The amino-substituted PAHs (reduced NPAHs), PAHs and deuterated internal standards were separated on polymeric octadecyl-bonded silica (ODS) columns and by dual-channel detection within 120 min including clean-up and reduction steps. The limits of detection were 0.1-9.2 pg per injection for PAHs and 0.1-140 pg per injection for NPAHs. For validation, the method was applied to analyze crude extracts of fine particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$) samples and achieved good analytical precision and accuracy. Moreover, the standard reference material (SRM1649b, urban dust) was analyzed by this method and the observed concentrations of PAHs and NPAHs were similar to those in previous reports. Thus, the method developed here-in has the potential to become a standard HPLC-based method, especially for NPAHs.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.291-300
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• 2016

Background: It is necessary to assess radiation dose to workers due to inhalation of airborne particulates containing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) to ensure radiological safety required by the Natural Radiation Safety Management Act. The objective of this study is to develop an internal dose assessment procedure for workers at industries using raw materials containing natural radionuclides. Materials and Methods: The dose assessment procedure was developed based on harmonization, accuracy, and proportionality. The procedure includes determination of dose assessment necessity, preliminary dose estimation, airborne particulate sampling and characterization, and detailed assessment of radiation dose. Results and Discussion: The developed dose assessment procedure is as follows. Radioactivity concentration criteria to determine dose assessment necessity are $10Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$ for $^{40}K$ and $1Bq{\cdot}g^{-1}$ for the other natural radionuclides. The preliminary dose estimation is performed using annual limit on intake (ALI). The estimated doses are classified into 3 groups ( < 0.1 mSv, 0.1-0.3 mSv, and > 0.3 mSv). Air sampling methods are determined based on the dose estimates. Detailed dose assessment is performed using air sampling and particulate characterization. The final dose results are classified into 4 different levels ( < 0.1 mSv, 0.1-0.3 mSv, 0.3-1 mSv, and > 1 mSv). Proper radiation protection measures are suggested according to the dose level. The developed dose assessment procedure was applied for NORM industries in Korea, including coal combustion, phosphate processing, and monazite handing facilities. Conclusion: The developed procedure provides consistent dose assessment results and contributes to the establishment of optimization of radiological protection in NORM industries.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.615-622
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• 2015

East Asia is characterized by anthropogenic emissions resulting from the large population and fast economic growth of this region. Since the prevailing wind is westerly and northwesterly, emissions from Ul-jin can be expected to contribute to acidic deposition increase in downwind direction. Aerosols collected at the near coast site, Uljin geun, gyungbook and were analyzed for $NH_4{^+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Cl^-$, $SO_4{^{2-}}$, and $NO_3{^-}$ from Aug. 2012 to Feb. 2013. The seasonal averaged aerosol concentration showed the highest potassium and calcium ion in winter and the highest ammonium ion due to a meadow and high solar intensity in summer. Sodium and chloride ion showed the same ratio all seasons and sulfate and nitrate species showed the maximum value in winter Chemical components of aerosols collected at the near coast site, Uljin geun, gyungbook were lower by 16 to 73% than those collected at other similar environment site such as kanghwa, yangyang. Comparing air quality data at the near coast site, Uljin geun, gyungbook, There was found that Uljin coast site is less influenced by the sea salts(potassium, magnesium, calcium) and nss-$SO_4{^{2-}}$ percentage is 3~13% higher than similar condition site.

• 한국환경독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경독성학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.47-60
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• 2004

Higher plants can be valuable genetic assay systems for monitoring environmental pollutants and evaluating their biological toxicity. Two assays are considered ideal for in situ monitoring and testing of soil, airborne and aqueous mutagenic agents; the Tradescantia stamen hair assay for somatic cell mutations and the Tradescantia micronucleus assay for chromosome aberrations. Both assays can be used for in vivo and in vitro testing of mutagens. Since higher plant systems are now recognized as excellent indicators and have unique advantages over in situ monitoring and screening, higher plant systems could be accepted by regulatory authorities as an alternative first-tier assay system for the detection of possible genetic damages resulting from the pollutants or chemicals used and produced by industrial sectors. It has been concluded that potential mutagen and carcinogen such as the heavy metals among indoor air particulates, volatile compounds in the working places, soil, and water pollutants contribute to the overall health risk. This contribution can be considerable under certain circumstances. It is therefore important to identify the level of genotoxic activity in the environment and to relate it to the biomarkers of a health risk in humans. The results from the higher plant bioassays could make a significant contribution to assessing the risks of pollutants and protecting the public from agents that can cause mutation and/or cancer. The plant bioassays, which are relatively inexpensive and easy to handle, are recommended for the scientists who are interested in monitoring pollutants and evaluating their environmental toxicity to living organisms.

• 한국환경생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경생물학회 2004년도 학술대회
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• pp.1-15
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• 2004

Higher plants can be valuable genetic assay systems for monitoring environmental pollutants and evaluating their biological toxicity. Two assays are considered ideal for in situ monitoring and testing of soil, airborne and aqueous mutagenic agents; the Tradescantia stamen hair assay for somatic cell mutations and the Tradescantia micronucleus assay for chromosome aberrations. Both assays can be used for in vivo and in vitro testing of mutagens. Since higher plant systems are now recognized as excellent indicators and have unique advantages over in situ monitoring and screening, higher plant systems could be accepted by regulatory authorities as an alternative first-tier assay system for the detection of possible genetic damages resulting from the pollutants or chemicals used and produced by industrial sectors. It has been concluded that potential mutagen and carcinogen such as the heavy metals among indoor air particulates, volatile compounds in the working places, soil, and water pollutants contribute to the overall health risk. This contribution can be considerable under certain circumstances. It is therefore important to identify the level of genotoxic activity in the environment and to relate it to the biomarkers of a health risk in humans. The results from the higher plant bioassays could make a significant contribution to assessing the risks of pollutants and protecting the public firom agents that can cause mutation anuor cancer. The plant bioassays, which are relatively inexpensive and easy to handle, are recommended for the scientists who are interested in monitoring pollutants and evaluating their environmental toxicity to living organisms.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.209-217
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• 2011

Objectives: In this study, the size distribution of airborne particulates ($PM_{10}$) was measured by using Cascade Impactors. The purpose of this study was to assess the size distribution of metal and ionic materials of $PM_{10}$. Methods: Samples were collected in the Kunsan industrial complex from April 2006 to January 2007. Results: The mass fraction of $PM_{10}$ had a bimodal distribution between 2.1-3.1 ${\mu}M$, and the average mass fraction of particles less than 2.1-3.1 ${\mu}M$ was 47%. Average concentrations of PM10 were 68.05 ${\mu}g/m^3$ and seasonal concentration 95.44 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for spring, 49.03 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for summer, 81.99 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for fall, 52.66 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for winter, respectively. Conclusions: Seasonal variations of $PM_{10}$ were significant for showing peak values in spring. The average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Fe were 1.54, 4.51, 14.11, and 254.3 $ng/m^3$, respectively. The ratios of fine particles to total mass were 0.47 for $PM_{10}$, 0.45 for Cr, and 0.16 for Fe, 0.91 for Cd and 0.49 for Pb, respectively.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2014

Objectives: The purposes of this study are to investigate workers' exposures to respirable particles generated in taconite mines and to compare two metric methods for mass concentrations using direct-reading instruments. Methods: Air monitorings were conducted at six mines where subjects have been exposed primarily to particulate matters in crushing, concentrating, and pelletizing processes. Air samples were collected during 4 hours of the entire work shift for similarly exposure groups(SEGs) of nine jobs(N=37). Following instruments were employed to evaluate the workplace: a nanoparticle aerosol monitor(particle size range; 10-1000 nm, unit: ${\mu}m^2/cc$, Model 9000, TSI Inc.); DustTrak air monitors($PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, unit: $mg/m^3$, Model 8520, TSI Inc.); a condensation particle counter(size range; 20-1000 nm, unit: #/cc, P-Trak 8525, TSI Inc.); and an optical particle counter(particle number by size range $0.3-25{\mu}m$, unit: #/cc, Aerotrak 9306, TSI Inc.). Results: The highest airborne concentration among SEGs was for furnace operator followed by pelletizing maintenance workers in number of particle and surface area, but not in mass concentrations. The geometric means of $PM_{2.5}$ by the DustTrak and the Ptrak/Aerotrak were $0.04{\mu}m$(GSD 2.52) and $0.07{\mu}m$(GSD 2.60), respectively. Also, the geometric means of RPM by the DustTrak and the Ptrak/Aerotrak were $0.16{\mu}m$(GSD 2.24) and $0.32{\mu}m$(GSD 3.24), respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient for DustTrak $PM_{2.5}$ and Ptrak/Aerotrak $PM_{2.5}$ was 0.56, and that of DustTrak RPM and Ptrak/Aerotrak RPM was 0.65, indicating a moderate positive association between the two sampling methods. Surface area and number concentration were highly correlated($R^2$ = 0.80), while $PM_{2.5}$ and RPM were also statistically correlated each other($R^2$ = 0.79). Conclusions: The results suggest that it is possible to measure airborne particulates by mass concentrations or particle number concentrations using real-time instruments instead of using the DustTrak Aerosol monitor that monitor mass concentrations only.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.283-294
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• 2004

본 연구는 환기 방식 및 교반 유무에 따른 축분 퇴비화 시스템 내 대기 및 작업 환경을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 측정대상 가스상 물질인 암모니아, 황화수소, 악취농도의 경우 자연환기-미교반시 2.45ppm, 19.96ppb, 15.8, 강제환기-미교반시 7.61ppmm 31.36ppb, 30.2, 자연환기-교반시5.50ppm, 14.69ppb, 46.4, 강제교화기- 교반시 30.12ppm, 39.91ppb, 205.5가 평균적으로 발생되는 것으로 분석되었다. 각 운용조건에 따른 흡입성 분진과 호흡성 분진의 평균 농도는 자연환기-미교반시 368.6${\mu}g$/$m^3$,96.0${\mu}g$/$m^3$, 강제화기-미교반시 283.9${\mu}g$/$m^3$, 119.5${\mu}g$/$m^3$, 자연환기-교반시 208.7${\mu}g$/$m^3$, 139.8${\mu}g$/$m^3$, 강제환기-교반시 209.2${\mu}g$/$m^3$, 131.7${\mu}g$/$m^3$인 것으로 조사되었다. 총 부유 박테리아와 곰팡이의 경우 자연환기-미교반시 28,673cfu/$m^3$, 22,507cfu/$m^3$, 강제환기-미교반시 7,462cfu/$m^3$,3,229cfu/$m^3$, 자연환기-교반시 19,592cfu/$m^3$, 26,376.29cfu/$m^3$, 강제환기-교반시 18,645cfu/$m^3$, 24,581cfu/$m^3$가 평균적으로 발생되는 것으로 분석되었다. 대체로 가스상 물질은 자연환기와 교반을 하지 않는 경우보다 강제환기와 교반을 하는 경우에 더 많이 발생되는 경향을 보였다. 또한 흡입성 분진과 총 부유박테리아의 경우, 자연환기-미교반시에 대체로 더 높게 발생된 반면, 호흡성 분진과 총 부유곰팡이의 경우 강제환기-교반시에 더 많이 발생되는 경향을 보였다. 내부 온도와 상대습도는 입자상 물질과 생물학상 오염물질 발생에 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었고, 암모니아와 황화수소는 축분 퇴비화시 발생되는 악취 원인물질로 입증되었다. 물리적 요인인 온도와 상대습도는 축분 퇴비화 시스템내에서 주로 입자상 오염물질과 생물학상 오염물질의 발생량에 영향을 미치는 주요인자로 입증되었는데, 시스템 내부 온도와 상대습도가 높으면 이것들의 농도도 높아지는 것으로 분석되었다.