본 연구의 목적은 기존의 산업용 보일러에서 이산화탄소 배출저감을 위하여 연소가스 재순환에 의한 고온 순산소 연소기술을 개발하는데 있다. 이를 위해 실험실 규모의 LNG 연소기에서 연소 화염특성을 평가하기 위한 조직적인 수치해석 연구가 일차적으로 수행되었다. 특히 본 연구에서 고려한 중요한 변수는 산소부화환경에서 계산된 연소가스의 재순환 정도이다. 배기가스 재순환이 없는 100% 순산소 연소환경에서 화염은 고온의 길고 가는 층류형상의 화염을 보였다. 이는 산화제 중에서 질소성분이 감소함으로써 약화된 난류혼합효과와
이 연구(硏究)는 목도열병(病)의 감염시기(感染時期)와 조직내(組織內) 감염속도(感染速度) 및 감염(感染)에 영향(影響)을 미치는 전염원(傳染源)의 소재(所在), 엽초내외의 제조건(諸條件) 등(等)을 구명(究明)하여 합리적(合理的)인 방제체계(防除體系)를 확립(確立)하는 자료(資料)를 얻고자 실시(實施)하였다. 1. 벼 이삭목도열병(病)의 감염(感染) 최성기(最盛期)는 수잉기(穗孕期)였으며 그 다음이 출수기(出穗期)로 이 시기(時期)에 대부분의 이삭목이 감염(感梁)되고 있었다. 그러나 통일계(統一系) 품종(品種)은 출수후(出穗後)에도 환경(環境)에 따라 높은 감염(感染) 가능성(可能性)을 갖고 있었다. 2. 벼 이 삭목도열병(病)의 잠복기간(潛伏期間)은 자연조건하(自然條件下)에서 10~22일(日)로 그 변동복(變動福)이 넓었다. 인공접종시(人工接種時) 이삭이 어릴수록 잠복기간(潛伏期間)은 짧았고 감염속도(感染速度)가 심(甚)했으나 지엽절(止葉節) 밖으로 추출(抽出)한 이삭목은 잠복기간(潛伏期間)도 길고 발병률(發病率)도 낮았으며 조직내(組織內) 감염속도(感染速度)가 늦었다. 3. 이삭목도열병(病)의 약제방제(藥劑防除) 적기(適期)는 도열병균(稻熱病菌)의 감염(感染) 최성기(最盛期)와 잠복기간(潛伏期間)을 고려(考慮)할 때 속효성(速效性) 약제(藥齊)는 출수(出穗)5~10일전(日前), 지효성(遲效性) 약제(藥齊)는 10~15일전(日前)으로 추정(推定)된다. 4. 도열병균(病菌) 포자(胞子)의 엽초내 침투(浸透)는 주(主)로 지엽(止葉)을 포함(包含)한 상위(上位) 3개엽(個葉)에서 이루어졌고 강우(降雨)나 이슬, 일액(溢液) 등(等)과 함께 엽초 봉합부(縫合部)에서 침윤현상(浸潤現象)에 의해 이루어졌으며 침투율(浸透量)은 수도(水稻)의 생육기간중(生育期間中) 수잉기(穗孕期)가 가장 많았다. 포자(胞子)의 엽초내 침투(浸透)는 엽설(葉舌)이 크게 저지(沮止)하고 있었다. 5. 엽초내에 침투(浸透)한 포자(胞子)의 이삭에의 부착량(附着量)은 형태적(形態的)으로 복잡(複雜)한 수수절(穗首節)과 수축절(穗軸節)이 가장 많았고 이에는 모용(毛茸)와 퇴화지경(退化枝梗)이 크게 영향(影響)을 미치고 있어 이들이 목도열병(病) 감염(感染)을 조장(助長)하고 있었다. 6. 벼 이삭목도열병(病) 감염(感染) 가능(可能) 포자농도(服子濃度)는 계통간(系統間) 차이(差異)가 있어 통일계(統一系) 품종(品種)은 일반계(一般系)보다 낮은 100개(個) 이하(以下)의 포자농도(胞子濃度)에서도 쉽게 감염(感染)이 되었으며 발병지수(發病指數)도 매우 높아 그 피해(被害)가 더욱 심(甚)했다. 7. 벼 이삭목도열병(病)과 상관(相關)이 높은 이삭목의 질소함량(窒素含量)과 규소함량(硅數含量)은 벼 생육기간(生育時期)에 따라 큰 차이(差異)가 있어 질소함량(窒素含量)은 수잉기(穗孕期)에서 출수기(出穗期)로 갈수록 증가(增加)를 보였고 그 후 다소(多少) 감소(減少)하고 있었다. 규소함량(硅數含量)은 수잉기(穗孕期)로부터 점차 증가(增加)하고 있어 이들 체내성분(體內成分)의 변화(變化)가 목도열병(病)의 발병(發病)을 조장(助長)하고 있었다. 8. 도열병균(稻熱病菌) 포자(胞子)의 비산(飛散)은 대다수 수직(垂直) 방향(方向)으로 상승(上昇)또는 하강(下降)하여 도체(稻體)에 부간(附看)하였으며 수평(水平)으로 이동(移動)하는 포자(胞子)는 극(極)히 적어 출수후(出穗後)의 이삭목에 부간(附看)하는 포자수(胞子數)가 적으므로 출수후(出穗後) 목도열병(病) 감염율(感染率)은 매우 낮을 것으로 추정(推定)되었다. 도체(稻體) 상하위간(上下位間)의 온도차(溫度差)에 의(依)한 공기(空氣)의 이동(移動)은 포자비산(胞子飛散)에 대(對)한 하나의 원인(原因)이었다. 9. 출온기(出穩期)를 전후(前後)한 포자비산(胞子飛散)이 가장 목도열병발병(病發病)과 상관(相關)이 높았으며 지엽(止葉)을 포함(包含)한 상위(上位) 3개엽(個葉)에 형성(形成)된 병반(病斑)이 출수(出穗)를 전후(前後)한 시기(時期)에 포자형성량(胞子形成量)이 많아 직접(直接) 목도열병(病) 전염원(傳染源)으로서 크게 작용(作用)하고 있었다. 10. 엽초내 환경조건(環境條件)은 목도열병(病) 감염(感染)에 극(極)히 호적(好適)하여 엽초내에서 도열병균(病菌)의 침해(侵害)를 받는 경우 품종(品種)의 내병성(耐病性), 시복수준(施服水準)의 차이(差異)에 관계(關係)없이 이삭목이나 지경(枝梗), 인, 마디, 마디사이 등(等) 도체(稻體)의 어느 부위(部位)라도 감염(感染)이 이루어졌다. 11. 엽초내에 침투(浸透)한 우고균(優古菌) 중에서 벼 갈색엽고병균(病菌)인 Gerlachia oryzae 만이 발병(發病)을 다소(多少) 조장(助長)할 뿐 기타(其他)의 균(菌)들은 영향(影響)이 적었으며 품종(品種)의 출수소요일수(出穗所要日數)의 장단(長短)이 목도열병(病) 감염(感染)과 관련(關連)이 있는 것으로 추정(推定)되었다.
Just before the Korean War, the total number of the North Korean troops was 198,380, while that of the ROK(Republic of Korea) army troops 105,752. That is, the total number of the ROK army troops at that time was 53.3% of the total number of the North Korean army. As of December 2008, the total number of the North Korean troops is estimated to be 1,190,000, while that of the ROK troops is 655,000, so the ROK army maintains 55.04% of the total number of the North Korean troops. If the ROK army continues to reduce its troops according to [Military Reform Plan 2020], the total number of its troops will be 517,000 m 2020. If North Korea maintains the current status(l,190,000 troops), the number of the ROK troops will be 43.4% of the North Korean army. In terms of units, just before the Korean War, the number of the ROK army divisions and regiments was 80% and 44.8% of North Korean army. As of December 2008, North Korea maintains 86 divisions and 69 regiments. Compared to the North Korean army, the ROK army maintains 46 Divisions (53.4% of North Korean army) and 15 regiments (21.3% of North Korean army). If the ROK army continue to reduce the military units according to [Military Reform Plan 2020], the number of ROK army divisions will be 28(13 Active Division, 4 Mobilization Divisions and 11 Local Reserve Divisions), while that of the North Korean army will be 86 in 2020. In that case, the number of divisions of the ROK army will be 32.5% of North Korean army. During the Korean war, North Korea suddenly invaded the Republic of Korea and occupied its capital 3 days after the war began. At that time, the ROK army maintained 80% of army divisions, compared to the North Korean army. The lesson to be learned from this is that, if the ROK army is forced to disperse its divisions because of the simultaneous invasion of North Korea and attack of guerrillas in home front areas, the Republic of Korea can be in a serious military danger, even though it maintains 80% of military divisions of North Korea. If the ROK army promotes the plans in [Military Reform Plan 2020], the number of military units of the ROK army will be 32.5% of that of the North Korean army. This ratio is 2.4 times lower than that of the time when the Korean war began, and in this case, 90% of total military power should be placed in the DMZ area. If 90% of military power is placed in the DMZ area, few troops will be left for the defense of home front. In addition, if the ROK army continues to reduce the troops, it can allow North Korea to have asymmetrical superiority in military force and it will eventually exert negative influence on the stability and peace of the Korean peninsular. On the other hand, it should be reminded that, during the Korean War, the Republic of Korea was attacked by North Korea, though it kept 53.3% of troops, compared to North Korea. It should also be reminded that, as of 2008, the ROK army is defending its territory with the troops 55.04% of North Korea. Moreover, the national defense is assisted by 25,120 troops of the US Forces in Korea. In case the total number of the ROK troops falls below 43.4% of the North Korean army, it may cause social unrest about the national security and may lead North Korea's misjudgement. Besides, according to Lanchester strategy, the party with weaker military power (60% compared to the party with stronger military power) has the 4.1% of winning possibility. Therefore, if we consider the fact that the total number of the ROK army troops is 55.04% of that of the North Korean army, the winning possibility of the ROK army is not higher than 4.1%. If the total number of ROK troops is reduced to 43.4% of that of North Korea, the winning possibility will be lower and the military operations will be in critically difficult situation. [Military Reform Plan 2020] rums at the reduction of troops and units of the ground forces under the policy of 'select few'. However, the problem is that the financial support to achieve this goal is not secured. Therefore, the promotion of [Military Reform Plan 2020] may cause the weakening of military defence power in 2020. Some advanced countries such as Japan, UK, Germany, and France have promoted the policy of 'select few'. However, what is to be noted is that the national security situation of those countries is much different from that of Korea. With the collapse of the Soviet Unions and European communist countries, the military threat of those European advanced countries has almost disappeared. In addition, the threats those advanced countries are facing are not wars in national level, but terrorism in international level. To cope with the threats like terrorism, large scaled army trops would not be necessary. So those advanced European countries can promote the policy of 'select few'. In line with this, those European countries put their focuses on the development of military sections that deal with non-military operations and protection from unspecified enemies. That is, those countries are promoting the policy of 'select few', because they found that the policy is suitable for their national security environment. Moreover, since they are pursuing common interest under the European Union(EU) and they can form an allied force under NATO, it is natural that they are pursing the 'select few' policy. At present, NATO maintains the larger number of troops(2,446,000) than Russia(l,027,000) to prepare for the potential threat of Russia. The situation of japan is also much different from that of Korea. As a country composed of islands, its prime military focus is put on the maritime defense. Accordingly, the development of ground force is given secondary focus. The japanese government promotes the policy to develop technology-concentrated small size navy and air-forces, instead of maintaining large-scaled ground force. In addition, because of the 'Peace Constitution' that was enacted just after the end of World War II, japan cannot maintain troops more than 240,000. With the limited number of troops (240,000), japan has no choice but to promote the policy of 'select few'. However, the situation of Korea is much different from the situations of those countries. The Republic of Korea is facing the threat of the North Korean Army that aims at keeping a large-scale military force. In addition, the countries surrounding Korea are also super powers containing strong military forces. Therefore, to cope with the actual threat of present and unspecified threat of future, the importance of maintaining a carefully calculated large-scale military force cannot be denied. Furthermore, when considering the fact that Korea is in a peninsular, the Republic of Korea must take it into consideration the tradition of continental countries' to maintain large-scale military powers. Since the Korean War, the ROK army has developed the technology-force combined military system, maintaining proper number of troops and units and pursuing 'select few' policy at the same time. This has been promoted with the consideration of military situation in the Koran peninsular and the cooperation of ROK-US combined forces. This kind of unique military system that cannot be found in other countries can be said to be an insightful one for the preparation for the actual threat of North Korea and the conflicts between continental countries and maritime countries. In addition, this kind of technology-force combined military system has enabled us to keep peace in Korea. Therefore, it would be desirable to maintain this technology-force combined military system until the reunification of the Korean peninsular. Furthermore, it is to be pointed out that blindly following the 'select few' policy of advanced countries is not a good option, because it is ignoring the military strategic situation of the Korean peninsular. If the Republic of Korea pursues the reduction of troops and units radically without consideration of the threat of North Korea and surrounding countries, it could be a significant strategic mistake. In addition, the ROK army should keep an eye on the fact the European advanced countries and Japan that are not facing direct military threats are spending more defense expenditures than Korea. If the ROK army reduces military power without proper alternatives, it would exert a negative effect on the stable economic development of Korea and peaceful reunification of the Korean peninsular. Therefore, the desirable option would be to focus on the development of quality of forces, maintaining proper size and number of troops and units under the technology-force combined military system. The tableau above shows that the advanced countries like the UK, Germany, Italy, and Austria spend more defense expenditure per person than the Republic of Korea, although they do not face actual military threats, and that they keep achieving better economic progress than the countries that spend less defense expenditure. Therefore, it would be necessary to adopt the merits of the defense systems of those advanced countries. As we have examined, it would be desirable to maintain the current size and number of troops and units, to promote 'select few' policy with increased defense expenditure, and to strengthen the technology-force combined military system. On the basis of firm national security, the Republic of Korea can develop efficient policies for reunification and prosperity, and jump into the status of advanced countries. Therefore, the plans to reduce troops and units in [Military Reform Plan 2020] should be reexamined. If it is difficult for the ROK army to maintain its size of 655,000 troops because of low birth rate, the plans to establish the prompt mobilization force or to adopt drafting system should be considered for the maintenance of proper number of troops and units. From now on, the Republic of Korean government should develop plans to keep peace as well as to prepare unexpected changes in the Korean peninsular. For the achievement of these missions, some options can be considered. The first one is to maintain the same size of military troops and units as North Korea. The second one is to maintain the same level of military power as North Korea in terms of military force index. The third one is to maintain the same level of military power as North Korea, with the combination of the prompt mobilization force and the troops in active service under the system of technology-force combined military system. At present, it would be not possible for the ROK army to maintain such a large-size military force as North Korea (1,190,000 troops and 86 units). So it would be rational to maintain almost the same level of military force as North Korea with the combination of the troops on the active list and the prompt mobilization forces. In other words, with the combination of the troops in active service (60%) and the prompt mobilization force (40%), the ROK army should develop the strategies to harmonize technology and forces. The Korean government should also be prepared for the strategic flexibility of USFK, the possibility of American policy change about the location of foreign army, radical unexpected changes in North Korea, the emergence of potential threat, surrounding countries' demand for Korean force for the maintenance of regional stability, and demand for international cooperation against terrorism. For this, it is necessary to develop new approaches toward the proper number and size of troops and units. For instance, to prepare for radical unexpected political or military changes in North Korea, the Republic of Korea should have plans to protect a large number of refugees, to control arms and people, to maintain social security, and to keep orders in North Korea. From the experiences of other countries, it is estimated that 115,000 to 230,000 troops, plus ten thousands of police are required to stabilize the North Korean society, in the case radical unexpected military or political change happens in North Korea. In addition, if the Republic of Korea should perform the release of hostages, control of mass destruction weapons, and suppress the internal wars in North Korea, it should send 460,000 troops to North Korea. Moreover, if the Republic of Korea wants to stop the attack of North Korea and flow of refugees in DMZ area, at least 600,000 troops would be required. In sum, even if the ROK army maintains 600,000 troops, it may need additional 460,000 troops to prepare for unexpected radical changes in North Korea. For this, it is necessary to establish the prompt mobilization force whose size and number are almost the same as the troops in active service. In case the ROK army keeps 650,000 troops, the proper number of the prompt mobilization force would be 460,000 to 500,000.
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70
본(本) 연구(硏究)는 참깨종자(種子)의 발아(發芽)에 미치는 온도(溫度), 수분(水分), 산소(酸素) 및 관(光) 등(等)의 외적(外的) 조건(條件)의 영향(影響) 발아진행중(發芽進行中)의 종자내(種子內) 물질변화(物質變化)를 구명(究明)하고져 수행(遂行) 되었던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1.