• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the oral health condition and behavioral status of Korean adults according to occupational status. The subjects were 7,676 adults, aged between 19 and 64 years, who completed both oral examination and questionnaire survey, among those who indicated that they were currently participating in economic activities, according to the data from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Occupational class and employment status were selected as measures of occupational status. Complex-samples logistic regression models were used to assess the associations among oral health, behavioral, and occupational statuses. We found a significant occupational class-related difference in the oral health and behavioral statuses of both the men and women. In particular, the prevalence odds ratios of untreated dental caries in manual workers were 1.19 and 1.67 times higher than in non-manual workers, for men and women, respectively. As for oral health condition and behavioral status according to employment status, the health risk in temporary employment workers was higher than that in permanent employment workers. As for the prevalence odds ratios of the risk of dental caries, the highest values were observed for tooth brushing fewer than 3 times per day, not undergoing oral examinations, and chewing difficulty complaints. The risk of dental caries for agricultural, forestry, and fishing workers for both men and women was found to be the highest among other workers. Thus, strategies to promote workplace oral health in the microscopic and macroscopic perspectives should be developed to constantly monitor oral health problems, and to identify vulnerable social groups within occupational groups and the related factors that mediate oral health differences.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2014

These studies were conducted to identify the effects of non-perforated breathable package film on storability at $1^{\circ}C$, $8^{\circ}C$, and $20^{\circ}C$ storage of 'Fuji' apples. The fresh weight loss rate was less than 2.0% in all non-perforated breathable films at three different storage periods and temperatures, $1^{\circ}C$; 210 days, $8^{\circ}C$; 75 days, and $20^{\circ}C$; 30 days except for the perforated film. 1,300 cc ($1^{\circ}C$), 5,000 cc ($8^{\circ}C$), and 10,000 cc ($20^{\circ}C$) films were closed at the optimum MA storage condition by carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration. Ethylene concentration was lowest at the 40,000 cc film in every temperatures during storage. The 1,300 cc film established higher result in soluble solid and vitamin C content than any other films at $1^{\circ}C$, also showed higher in visual quality by panel test. The 5,000 cc film had the best results on soluble solid and off-flavor in $8^{\circ}C$. In the $20^{\circ}C$ storage after 30 days of treatment the 10,000 cc film had highest firmness and visual quality. Following these results, it come to conclusion the suitable type of non-perforated breathable film such as 1,300 cc at $1^{\circ}C$, 5,000 cc at $8^{\circ}C$, and 10,000 cc at $20^{\circ}C$ for MA storage in 'Fuji' apples.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.275-280
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• 1992

Inoculation responses of alfalfa[Medicago sativa(L.) Vernal] to Rhizobium meliloti with nitrogen fertilization were characterized by soil populations and plant yields from 1989 to 1991 at cultivated upland soil, which contained $3.1{\times}10$cells of R. meliloti/g.soil. The results obtained accordingly to fertilizing with 8Kg N/10a and differently inoculating the host such as initial and annual inoculation methods were as follows : 1. Soil populations of R. meliloti were increased more at no nitrogen fertilized condition compared to nitrogen fertilized condition to 2nd year experiment from 1st year that came up $1.6{\times}10^3$cells/g.soil, but at 3rd year the trend was reversed. Between inoculation methods, on the whole, the annual inoculation caused more populations, which were $2.0{\times}10^4$cells/g.soil in maximum number. And the populations declined after winter but recovered passing through summer season. 2. Alfalfa yields were mainly influenced by rhizobial populations rather than by fertilizing nitrogen showing a significant correlation(Y=0.36+0.287X, $r^2=0.58^{**}$) with the former. The increased extents of yields obtained by inoculation at no nitrogen and nitrogen fertilized conditions, respectively, were 66 and 10% in 1st : 13 and 20% in 2nd : 19 and 13% in 3rd year experiment with the initial inoculation, and were 66 and 10% in 1st ; 30 and 20% in 2nd : 35 and 36% in 3rd year experiment with the annual inoculation. 3. The results demonstrated the importance of inoculating, if possible, annual inoculating alfalfa to get much yields even at cultivated upland soil.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.12-22
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted to establish the production conditions through optimization of the production process of beverages using Aspergillus oryzae CF1001, and to analyze volatile compounds and antidiabetic activity. Methods: The optimum condition was selected using the response surface methodology (RSM), through a regression analysis with the following independent variables gelatinization temperature (GT, $X_1$), saccharogenic time (ST, $X_2$), and dependent variable; ${\Delta}E$ value (y). The condition with the lowest ${\Delta}E$ value occurred with combined 45 min ST and $50^{\circ}C$ GT. The volatile compounds were analyzed quantitatively by GC-MS. Results: Assessment of antidiabetic activity of saccharogenic mixed grain beverage (SMGB) was determined by measurement of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity, and glucose uptake activity and glucose metabolic protein expression by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. Results of volatile compounds analysis, 62 kinds of volatile compounds were detected in SMGB. Palmitic acid (9.534% ratio), benzaldehyde (8.948% ratio), benzyl ethyl ether (8.792% ratio), ethyl alcohol (8.35% ratio), and 2-amyl furan (4.826% ratio) were abundant in SMGB. We confirmed that ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity, glucose uptake activity, and glucose-metabolic proteins were upregulated by SMGB treatment with concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Saccharogenic mixed grain beverage (SMGB) showed potential antidiabetic activity. Further studies will be needed in order to improve the taste and functionality of SMGB.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1025-1031
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• 2013

From a 95% ethanolic extract of H. diffusa, four marker compounds (HD1~HD4) were isolated, which were relatively unique and exist in comparably high contents. The structures of marker compounds were identified as digitolutein (1), 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (2), (E/Z)-6-O-p-coumaroyl scandoside methyl ester (4:1 mixture) (3), and (E/Z)-6-O-p-methoxycinnamoyl scandoside methyl ester (4:1 mixture) (4), respectively, on the basis of $^{13}C$ and $^1H$-NMR analyses. The calibration curves of marker compounds showed high linearity, as their correlation coefficient ($R^2$) were in the range of 0.9991~0.9999. In addition, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were $0.03{\sim}0.07{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.099{\sim}0.231{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The intra-day/inter-day precision and accuracy were 0.23~2.00%/0.25~1.16% and 94.60~108.44%/94.73-110.23%, respectively. The optimal HPLC conditions for the simultaneous quantification of HD1~HD4 were as follows: stationary phase; Merck Chromolith RP-18e ($100{\times}4.6mm$, $5{\mu}m$), column temp.; room temperature, UV detection at 280 nm, flow rate; 2.0 ml/min, injection volume; $10{\mu}l$, mobile phase; start with the mixture of 80% solvent A ($H_2O$ containing 0.5% acetic acid) and 20% solvent B (methanol containing 0.5% acetic acid) and gradually decrease solvent A to 40% in 9 min., then retain this condition to 18 min. Under the HPLC condition, the four marker compounds 1~4 were successfully separated without any interference of other constituents. The results obtained in this study are expected to be helpful for the development of nutraceutics and natural medicines and for the quality control of this plant.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the effect of application of pig manure slurry(PMS) for rye cultivation in Paddy-land on rice productivity The field experiments were carried out from 1999 to 2002 on well-grown rice in Paddy-land at Kimje, Chunbuk province in Korea. PMS was manufactured by the fermentation for 6 months in natural condition. Amount of PMS was adjusted equal to total nitrogen value relative to its value of commercial chemical fertilizers. The amount of PMS were spread evenly over the soil surface two times; first in the autumn (before sowing, end of November) and second in the spring(regrowth of rye, middle of March). The field plots were consisted of four kinds (PMS $100\%$ treatment, PMS $200\%$ treatment PMS $100\%$ treatment with half of CF (CF $50\%$), Full of CF treatment (CF $100\%$). The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block. Each treatment was replicated three times. Rices are customarily gown under tropical korean condition as annuals. The results obtained from this study were summarized as fellows. Panicle length of rice was shorter in PMS $100\%$ than other treatments. Ripening grain ratio was the lower in CF treatment. In treatment of PMS $100\%$ and PMS $200\%$, 1000 grain weight was a downward trend as compared to that of full of CF treatments, whereas number of grains per $m^2$ was increased as compared to other treatments. Number of panicles reveals that there is an increase in order; CF $50\% + PMS\;100\%>\;PMS\;100\%\;>\;CF\;100\%\;>\;PMS\;200\%$. Yield of milled rice showed hi인 in CF $100\%$ and $CF 50\%+ PMS 100\%$, but were was no significant difference among treatments. There were did not a regular tendency in the ratio of leaf sheath bright, however the ratio of lodging area was higher in $CF50\%+PMS\;100\%$ treatment than other treatments. Based on the results of this experiment, $CF 50\%+PMS\;100\%$ may be the most effective in rice productivity under application of PMS for rye cultivation in Paddy-land.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.307-321
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• 2018

Fish fauna and lentic ecosystem health assessment in freshwater were analyzed in the two reservoirs (Uirim Reservoir(Ur) and Solbangjuk Reservoir(Sr)) of the Jecheon City during May-September 2017. Total numbers of the species and genus (7 family) sampled were 21 and 16, respectively. Cyprinidae was most dominant taxa, which accounted for 11 species (52.4%) of the total species, and the relative abundance, based on the number of individuals, was 318 individuals (46.2%). Subdominant families were taxa of Centrachidae (2 species; 264 ind. (38.4%). The dominant species, based on the relative abundance, were Squalidus chankaensistsuchigae(22.7%). Subdominant species were Lepomis macrochirus(19.5%, 134 ind.) and Micropterus salmoides(18.9%, 134 ind.). Trophic state index of Korea ($TSI_{KO}$), based on chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (CHL),ranged mesotrophic state. The purpose of this study was to apply a multi-metric model of Lentic Ecosystem Health Assessments (LEHA) for environmental impact assessments of two reservoirs and assessed the ecological health model values. Trophic composition's metrics showed that tolerant species (56.8%, 98.3%) and omnivore species (43.9%, 65.6%) dominated the fish fauna in the two reservoirs (Ur and Sr) of Jecheon City, indicating a biological degradation in the aquatic ecosystem. The relative proportions of Micropterus salmoides, also showed greater than 16.3% (Ur), 31.1% (Sr) of the total, indicating a ecological disturbance. The average value of LEHA model was 22 (Ur) and 12 (Sr) in the reservoirs, indicating a "poor condition (Ur)" and "very poor condition (Sr)" by the criteria of MOE (2014).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.253-267
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• 1998

'Maek(麥)' which means a barley at present is used as a general name of the kinds of 'Maek(麥)' including barley, what, rye, and so on. However 'Maek(麥)' had meant a wheat when the letter of 'Maek(麥)' had been created at the beginning. And gradually 'Maek(麥)' has been used as a word for the both meaning of a wheat and barley, and now a days become a word only for the meaning of a barley. Therefore 'Mo-Maek' should be translated into 'a wheat and barley', although it is translated into only a barley. In Korea, according to 'Nong-ga-wol-ryung(農家月令)' of Ko, Sang-un(高尙顔) in 1619, the vernalization had been utilized practically 300 years earlier than the Western countries. It is based on a concept of the oriental medicine that a 'Maek(麥)' of the spring seedtime, which keeps the only warmth('Won-yeol-ji-ki(溫熱之氣) (陽氣)' during the growth period in spring-summer time, has less vigorous than a 'Maek(麥)' of the autumn seedtime, which keeps the cold, hot, warmth equally 'Yeol-won-yang-han-ji-ki(溫熱凉寒之氣) (陽氣+陰氣)' during the growth period in the four seasons. If a autumn seedtime barley but which is actually not sowed on time in autumn season is sowed in the spring after the treatment of cold condition (陰氣 autumn-winter condition) artificially, it would be avoided from the abnormal phenomenon that a barley could not come to fruition in case of non-treated seed. Thus as a result of this the agricultural productivity has been able to be improved. An barley is recommended as a food for Um-chung-ji-ki(陰淸之氣) to be served as Bo-myung-ji-ju(保命之主) to be Soyangin. And a wheat which is used as an ingredient of bread because of its expanding feature is a suitable food for Ho-san-ji-ki(呼散之氣) to be served as Bo-myung-ji-ju(保命之主)to the Taeumin.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.444-454
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• 2017

There are many ongoing studies of infectious diseases as the major factor responsible for global declining of the amphibian population. Although some point out the amphibian rearing facilities like frog farms as one of the important sources of harboring and spreading amphibian infectious pathogens in the wild, there have been few related studies in South Korea. In this study, we investigated the bacterial and fungal colonies on the skin and in the internal organs of frogs and tadpoles collected inside and outside of Dybowski's brown frog farms in Inje, Goesan, and Gongju to compare the difference according to the region and between inside and outside the farm. We also intended to classify the bacteria collected from the tadpoles into species by analyzing 16s rDNA gene sequences. The result showed that the number of bacterial colonies found in the skin and gut of frogs and the number of fungal colonies found in the skin and liver of frogs collected in Goesan was significantly greater than those in the frogs in Inje. However, there was no difference between the frogs collected inside and outside of farms in both regions. In the case of tadpoles, the number of fungal colonies in the tadpoles collected from Gongju was greater than that in the tadpoles collected from Inje. The comparison of inside and outside frog farms showed that there were more bacterial colonies on the skin of the tadpoles collected from inside than outside the frog farm in Inje and more bacterial colonies in the organs of the tadpoles collected from outside than inside the farm in Gongju. The frogs with higher condition factor (body weight/snout-vent length*100) showed fewer bacterial colonies on the skin and fewer fungal colonies in the heart, but there were no significant relationships in tadpoles. We identified the total of 15 genera and four phyla of bacteria, but the difference according to regions and between inside and outside farm was not evident. The result of this study indicates that the different conditions according to the locality of farm and between inside and outside farm cause the difference in the population sizes of bacterial and fungal colonies and that it can affect the overall health condition of Dybowski's brown frogs in the farm. Moreover, the result suggests that effective disease control in the facility is greatly necessary to ensure successful operation of amphibian rearing facility and to prevent the possible spread of diseases from the facility to the wild.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.122-134
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• 2010

We investigated the levels of resistance and accumulation of terapyrroles, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidative enzymes for reasons of growth reduction in herbicide-transgenic rice overexpressing Myxococcus xanthus, Arabidopsis thaliana, and human protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) genes. The transgenic rice overexpressing M. xanthus (MX, MX1, PX), A. thaliana (AP31, AP36, AP37), and human (H45, H48, H49) Protox genes showed 43~65, 41~72 and 17~70-fold more resistance to oxyfluorfen, respectively, than the wild type. Among transgenic rice lines overexpressing Protox genes, several lines showed normal growth compared with the wild type, but several lines showed in reduction of plant height and shoot fresh weight under different light conditions. However, reduction of plant height of AP37 was much higher than other lines for the experimental period. On the other hand, the reduction of plant height and shoot fresh weight in the transgenic rice was higher in high light condition than in low light condition. Enhanced levels of Proto IX were observed in transgenic lines AP31, AP37, and H48 at 7 days after seeding (DAS) and transgenic lines PX, AP37, and H48 at 14 DAS relative to wild type. There were no differences in Mg-Proto IX of transgenic lines except for H41 and H48 and Mg-Proto IX monomethyl ester of transgenic lines except for MX, MX1, and PX. Although accumulation of tetrapyrrole intermediates was observed in transgenic lines, their tetrapyrrole accumulation levels were not enough to inhibit growth of transgenic rice. There were no differences in reactive oxygen species, MDA, ALA synthesizing capacity, and chlorophyll between transgenic lines and wild type indicating that accumulated tetrapyrrole intermediate were apparently not high enough to inhibit growth of transgenic rice. Therefore, the growth reduction in certain transgenic lines may not be caused by a single factor such as Proto IX, but by interaction of many other factors.