• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.83-92
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• 2011

This study is about an analysis of surplus solar energy by important greenhouse type using Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) data which was secured in order to provide basic data for designing an optimum thermal storage system to accumulate surplus solar energy generated in greenhouses during the daytime. The 07-auto-1 and 08-auto-1 types showed similar heat budget tendencies regardless of greenhouse types. In other words, the ratios of surplus solar energy were about 20.0~29.0% regardless of greenhouse type. About 54.0~225.0% and 53.0~218.0% of required heating energy will be able to be supplemented respectively according to the greenhouse types. The 07-mono-1 and 07-mono-3 types also showed similar heat budget tendencies regardless of greenhouse types. In other words, the ratios of surplus solar energy were about 20.0~26.0% and 21.0~27.0% respectively by greenhouse type. About 57.0~211.0% and 62.0~228.0% of required heating energy will be able to be supplemented by greenhouse type. Except for Daegwallyeong and Suwon area, other regions can cover heating energy only by surplus solar energy, according to the study.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.86-92
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• 2011

In order to reduce dependence on the fossil fuels and $CO_2$ gas emission in farming activities, the government has pushed ahead with making the self-sufficiency of farming energy up 40% level in green villages. The objectives of this study are to survey the energy consumption of horticultural facilities or agricultural machineries, and to analyze the reduced $CO_2$ gas emission level from fossil fuel to bio-diesel fuel. For the implement of this study, it is necessary to analyze the energy consumption level in the various sector of farming activities, and available renewable energy sources should be selected. Annual total $CO_2$ gas emission in the tillage farming sector was analyzed as $5,667,258\;t-CO_2$ and that in the horticultural facilities occupied $4,932,607\;t-CO_2$, while the $CO_2$ gas emission level of diesel fuel was $3,105,707\;t-CO_2$, and that of the heavy oil showed $1,370,578\;t-CO_2$. The average $CO_2$ gas emission level of horticultural facilities in the country was analyzed as $29,418\;t-CO_2/ha$. Among the total energy consumption of agricultural machineries, tractor used 284,763kL, power tiller spent 221,314 kL, grain drier consumed 145,524kL and combine tractor expend 72,537kL. From the comparison of $CO_2$ gas emission level between fossil fuel and bio-diesel fuel for the horticultural facilities or agricultural machinery in G-City, Jeonbuk Province, the $CO_2$ gas emission level can be reduced by 7% through replacing the fuel from fossil to biodiesel.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.104-113
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestibility of crude protein (CP), amino acids and energy in three Chinese corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), one rice DDGS, one American corn DDGS and one American high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG). In Exp. 1, the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids in the six samples were determined using cannulated barrows (initial BW: $43.3{\pm}1.7$ kg). In Exp. 2, the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of these six samples were determined using crossbred barrows (initial BW: $46.0{\pm}2.5$ kg). The results of the two experiments indicated that Chinese corn DDGS is generally similar to American DDGS in chemical composition, digestibility of amino acids, DE and ME. However, Chinese DDGS had a lower Lys concentration (0.50% vs. 0.74%) and SID Lys (52.3% vs. 57.0%, p<0.01). The DE and ME values in Chinese corn DDGS were 3,427 and 3,306 kcal/kg, respectively. Rice DDGS had a similar DE and ME (3,363 and 3,228 kcal/kg) but higher Lys concentration (0.64% vs. 0.50%) to corn DDGS, while the SID of Lys was quite low (61.8%, p<0.01). HP-DDG had high value of SID of Lys, DE and ME (79.8%, 3,899 and 3,746 kcal/kg). In conclusion, except for a lower Lys concentrations and availability, the chemical composition, digestibility of amino acids, DE and ME values in Chinese corn DDGS are similar to American corn DDGS. Additionally, the rice DDGS had lower Lys content and digestible Lys values than that in corn DDGS. Thirdly, HP-DDG has higher levels of digestible amino acids and energy than DDGS.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.514-522
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• 2022

Non-destructive testing (NDT) technology is a widely used inspection method for agricultural products. Compared with the conventional inspection method, there is no extensive sample preparation for NDT technology, and the sample is not damaged. In particular, NDT technology is used to inspect the internal structure of agricultural products infested by pests. The introduction and spread of pests during the import and export process can cause significant damage to the agricultural environment. Until now, pest detection in agricultural products and quarantine processes have been challenging because they used external inspection methods. However, NDT technology is advantageous in these inspection situations. In this pilot study, we investigated the feasibility of X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify pest infestation in agricultural products. Three kinds of artificially pest-infested fruits (mango, tangerine, and chestnut) were non-destructively inspected using X-ray CT and MRI. X-ray CT was able to identify all pest infestations in fruits, while MRI could not detect the pest-infested chestnut. In addition, X-ray CT was superior to the quarantine process than MRI based on the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), image acquisition time, and cost. Therefore, X-ray CT is more appropriate for the pest quarantine process of fruits than MRI.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.1491-1498
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• 2021

Objective: This research was carried out to investigate the effects of corn particle size on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients fed to pigs at four different growth stages and therefore to provide basis for better application of corn in pig feeds. Methods: Eighteen weanling piglets, 18 growing barrows, 24 gestating sows and 24 lactating sows were used in this study. Within each stage, pigs were allotted to 1 of 3 or 4 corn-soybean meal diets which were formulated with different corn particle size in a completely randomized design with 6 replicate pigs per diet. Each stage lasted for 19 days, including 7 days for cages adaptation, 7 days for adaptation to diets and followed by 5 days for total collection of feces and urine. Results: For nursery and growing stages, the results showed that digestible energy content and ATTD of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was increased (p<0.05) as the corn particle size reduced. Meanwhile, the metabolizable energy content and ATTD of crude protein (CP) tended to increase. For gestating sows, no differences were found in the ATTD of nutrients among dietary treatments. As for lactating sows, there were linear and quadratic increases (p<0.05) in the ATTD of DM, GE, NDF as the corn being finer milled. Quadratic response in ATTD of ADF and CP (p<0.05) were observed as sows fed with four different diets. Conclusion: Reducing corn particle size can increase digestibility of nutrients fed to young pigs and lactating sows. No effects were observed in present experiment when gestating sows were fed with different particle sized corn.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1275-1284
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• 2018

Objective: A 28-d trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of diets with different energy and lipase levels on performance, nutrient digestibility, serum profiles, gut health, and carcass quality in broilers. Methods: A total of 720 one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers ($45.4{\pm}0.5g$) were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: i) RET, reduced energy treatment (metabolizable energy = 2,950 and 3,100 kcal/kg for starter and finisher diet), ii) BDT, basal diet treatment (metabolizable energy = 3,050 and 3,200 kcal/kg for starter and finisher diet, iii) RET015, RET+0.15 g/kg lipase, and iv) RET03, RET+0.3 g/kg lipase. There were 10 replications (cages) per treatment with 18 birds per cage. Results: During d 1 to 14, broilers fed BDT, RET015, and RET03 diets had higher (p<0.05) body weight gain than those fed RET diet. During d 1 to 14, 15 to 28 and the overall experiment, feed conversion ratio in RET03 treatment was lower (p<0.05) compared with RET treatment. On d 14, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), and gross energy in RET03 treatment was higher (p<0.05) than those in RET treatment, while the ATTD of N was increased (p<0.05) by RET03 treatment. On d 28, broilers fed RET03 diet had higher (p<0.05) ATTD of DM than those fed RET and RET015 diets, while the ATTD of EE in BDT and RET03 treatments was increased (p<0.05) compared with RET and RET015 treatments. Broilers fed RET03 diet had higher villus height (VH) and VH:crypt depth (CD) ratio than those fed RET and BDT diets. The activity of pancreatic lipase in BDT and RET03 treatments was higher (p<0.05) than that in RET treatment. Conclusion: Taken together, lipase supplementation (3,000 U/kg feed) increased growth performance, nutrient digestibility, VH, VH:CD ratio and lipase activity, but decreased triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the abdominal fat percentage in broilers fed reduced energy diet.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1760-1770
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• 2022

Objective: It is crucial to accurately determine the net energy (NE) values of feed ingredients because the NE system is expected to be applied to the formulation of broilers feed. The NE values of 5 wheat and 5 wheat brans were determined in 12-to 14-day old Arbor Acres (AA) broilers with substitution method and indirect calorimetry method. Methods: A total of 12 diets, including 2 reference diets (REF) and 10 test diets (5 wheat diets and 5 wheat bran diets) containing 30% of test ingredients, were randomly fed to 864 male AA birds with 6 replicates of 12 birds per treatment. These birds were used to determine metabolizable energy (ME) (8 birds per replicate) in the chicken house and NE (4 birds per replicate) in the chamber respectively at the same time. After a 4-d dietary and environment adaptation period, growth performance, energy values, energy balance and energy utilization were measured during the following 3 d. Multiple linear regression analyses were further performed to generate prediction equations for NE values based on the chemical components and ME values. The NE prediction equation were also validated on another wheat diet and another wheat bran diet with high correlation (r = 0.98, r = 0.75). Results: The NE values of 5 wheat and 5 wheat bran samples are 9.34, 10.02, 10.27, 11.33, and 10.49 MJ/kg, and 5.37, 5.17, 4.87, 5.06, and 4.88 MJ/kg DM, respectively. The equation with the best fit were NE = 1.968AME-0.411×ADF-14.227 (for wheat) and NE = -0.382×CF-0.362×CP-0.244×ADF+20.870 (for wheat bran). Conclusion: The mean NE values of wheat and wheat bran are 10.29 and 5.07 MJ/kg DM in AA broilers. The NE values of ingredients could be predicted by their chemical composition and energy value with good fitness.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1761-1767
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• 2016

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of coated compound proteases (CC protease) on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nitrogen (N) and energy, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and nutrients in diets for pigs. In Exp. 1, 12 crossbred barrows (initial body weight: $20.79{\pm}1.94kg$) were housed in individual metabolism crates and allotted into 2 treatments with 6 piglets per treatment according to weight in a randomized complete block design. The 2 diets were corn-soybean meal basal diets with (0.2 g/kg) or without CC protease supplementation. The CC protease supplementation increased (p<0.05) the digestible and metabolizable N and energy values and the digestibility and retention rate of N in the diet. The ATTD of energy and nutrients had been improved (p<0.05) in the diet supplemented with CC protease. In Exp. 2, 12 crossbred barrows (initial body weight: $20.79{\pm}1.94kg$), fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were blocked by body weight into 2 groups with 6 pigs each. The diets were the same as those in Exp. 1. The CC protease increased (p<0.05) the AID of crude protein and some essential AA including arginine, isoleucine and leucine. The AID and ATTD of energy and nutrients had been improved (p<0.05) by supplemental CC protease, but the hindgut digestibility of nutrients was unaffected. Overall, the CC protease improved the ATTD of N and energy and AID of some indispensible AA and nutrients in the corn-soybean meal diet for pigs. Therefore, the CC protease supplement could improve the utilization of protein in the corn-soybean meal diet and thus contribute to lower N excretion to the environment.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.135-139
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• 2009

Harmful exhaust emissions of diesel engines are recognized as main causes of air pollution in these days. But, the direct injection diesel engine is widely used for sake of minimization on energy consumption. Because biodiesel fuel is a renewable and alternative fuel for a diesel engine, its usability is expanded. To investigate the effect of biodiesel fuel(extracted from rapeseed oil) on the characteristics of performance and exhaust emissions in an agricultural diesel engine, the biodiesel fuel derived from rapeseed oil was applied in this study. Smoke emission of esterified rapeseed oil was reduced remarkably by approximately 44.5% at 1500 rpm, full load in comparison with the commercial diesel fuel. The power, torque and brake specific energy consumption of the diesel engine showed very slight differences. It was concluded that esterified rapeseed oil could be utilized effectively as an alternative and renewable fuel for agricultural direct injection diesel engines.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.1405-1414
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• 1993

The purification of sewage deriving from agricultural and food industries is today a serious problem mainly in areas characterized by intensive production plants. The solution examined in this work, involves a system of natural evaporation which employs special panels with a large evaporating surface constituted by an internal cellular structure in polyethilene. Using renewable energy they allow to speed up the natural evaporating effect thus eliminating some drawbacks such as swamps and obtaining sewage concentration with relatively low costs. The institute of agricultural engineering has carried out tests on the disposal of sewage deriving from two very important production sectors; pig-breeding and olive oil production . at a were gathered in order to verify the operating capacity of plants and their variables . On the remaining concentrated part tests were also carried out in order to know its chemical and chemical-physical features and to study the possibility for its us .