• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.23-40
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• 2022

Many constructed wetlands have been installed in dam reservoirs nationwide for ecological purification of watershed pollutants, but aging and reduced efficiency are becoming issues. To improve the management of constructed wetlands, an objective evaluation of structural suitability is required. This study evaluated 39 constructed wetlands of 15 dams. First, through fogus group interview(FGI), survey analysis, and analytic hierarchy process(AHP), eight evaluation items in the physical and vegetative aspects were selected and the evaluation criteria applied with weights were prepared. Second, as a result of the structural suitability evaluation, the average score of the overall constructed wetlands was 80.8, with 10 sites rated as 'good grade(91~100)', 22 sites rated as 'normal grade(71~90)' and 7 sites rated as 'poor grade(70 or less)'. The average score of physical structure evaluation was 52.6, with 14 sites rated as 'good', 21 sites as 'normal' and 4 sites as 'poor'. The suitability of location was good level in most constructed wetlands, but the water supply system, depth of water, ratio of length-to-width, and slope of flow channel were evaluated as 'normal' or less in constructed wetlands of 50% or more. Therefore, it was found that overall improvement was necessary for stable flow supply and flow improvement in the constructed wetland. The average score of vegetative structure evaluation was 28.2, and about 84% of them were identified as 'normal' or lower. As a result of analyzing the Spearman's correlation coefficient between the physical structure evaluation score and the vegetation structure evaluation score, there was a significant correlation(r = 0.728, p < 0.001), and it was found that each evaluation factor also influences each other. As a result of the case review of 6 constructed wetlands, the appropriateness of the evaluation results was confirmed, and it was found that the location, flow rate supply, and type of wetland had a great influence on the efficiency and operation of the wetland. Through this study, it will be possible to derive structural weaknesses of constructed wetlands in dam reservoirs as a nature-based solution, to prepare types and practical alternatives for improved management of each constructed wetland in the future, and to contribute to enhancing various environmental functions.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.34
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• pp.327-337
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• 2018

Korea is rapidly becoming an aging society as much as it takes the first place among OECD countries, and as the life expectancy of Korea gradually increases, the proportion of the elders in society increases. Accordingly, the happiness of the elders is contributed to the overall social atmosphere and happiness, however, the lower quality of life of the elders due to physical, psychological and social changes can be developed into social problems such as depression and rising suicide rate. As a result, there is a social interest in improving the quality of life and satisfaction of the elders, and the senior citizen center is receiving renewed attention as a form of welfare facility that can play a pivotal role in the social activities of the elders. In recent years, efforts to improve the environment of the senior citizen center have been made due to the growing role of it, however, there is a controversy over whether the quality of the indoor environment is user-friendly or not due to the limitations of material resources and human resources. It is considered that the quality of the color environment should be improved in the senior citizen center in the way that the color environment is not only an indoor environmental factor which gives high psychological and mental effects to users but also a way to improve the environmental satisfaction at the lowest cost. Previous studies on the facilities related to the elders have been actively carried out, but they were very sporadic and there was very little information about the color environment in the related laws or in the guideline presented by cities. It is necessary to integrate guidelines that are scattered within a comprehensive range without any specific target in order to grasp the current status of the color environment and to properly evaluate it. In addition, considering that the senior citizen center is an important leisure facility for the elders that functions in a residential area with a nationwide network, the results of this study are expected to contribute to the environmental improvement of existing senior citizen center which will be activated in the future by enabling the improvement of psychological satisfaction of the elders.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.1247-1259
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• 2009

Muscle mass is reduced by aging. There seems to be no direct relationship between sarcopenia(muscle loss) and medical cost in the elderly, but lowering muscle mass results in increase risk of fall and decrease of strength, fitness, physical activity, and independent life. This is coupled with physical trouble and chronic degenerative disease such as diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Thus, sarcopenia is potential risk factor increasing mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of elastic band exercise and detraining on sarcopenia prevention related variables, body composition and fitness. The subject of this study was 60~70 aged 14 seniors who participated in exercise program in J-welfare senior center at J-gu in S-city. Elastic band exercise was performed twice per week for 12 weeks. The body composition and fitness variables were measured before 12 weeks of control, after control(before exercise), after 12 weeks of exercise(before detraining), and after 12 weeks of detraining. There was no significant difference in body composition and fitness variables before and after 12 weeks of control, but elastic band exercise before and after 12 weeks has effect on body composition variables such as weight (t=2.978, p=0.001), body mass index (t=3.502, p=0.004), percent body fat (t=2.216, p=0.045), muscle mass (t=-3.837, p=0.002), visceral fat area (t=5.186, p<0.001), and waist-hip ratio (t=3.045, p=0.009) and on fitness variables such as 2-minutes step (t=-6.891 p<0.001), arm curl (t=-4.702, p<0.001), chair stand (t=-4.860, p<0.001), chair sit and reach (t=-5.910, p<0.001), back scratch (t=-3.835, p=0.002), and 8-ft up and go (t=7.560, p<0.001). This exercise effect was continued after 12 weeks of detraining on body composition variables such as weight (t=2.323, p=0.037), body mass index (t=2.503, p=0.026), muscle mass (t=-3.137, p=0.008) and on fitness variables such as 2-minutes step (t=-6.489 p<0.001), chair stand (t=-4.694, p<0.001), chair sit and reach (t=-3.690, p=0.003), and 8-ft up and go (t=7.539, p<0.001). It was found that the elastic band exercise has positive effect on body composition and fitness in the elderly and the effect was maintained over 12 weeks of detraining.

• 한국노년학
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.723-739
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• 2019

This study is to verify the mediated effects of attitudes toward old people and dementia in the influence of elderly couples in the aging society amid the rapidly changing family structure and functions due to the combination of individualization, marital status and divorce rate. In order to carry out such research purposes, data were collected from students of elementary, middle and high schools in Gwangju, through self-subscribed questionnaire. For statistical analysis, the SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 18.0 programs were used and frequency, percentages, technical statistics, correlation, factor analysis, structural model validation, and the Sobel-Test were performed. The results of this study are as follows. First, family intimacy, elderly awareness, and elderly care were the highest among elementary school students, followed by middle school and high school students (P.<.001). Also, in religion, the family intimacy of teenagers with religion was higher than those without religion (p.001). Second, family intimacy directly affected elderly people's attitudes toward dementia and elderly care, old people's attitudes toward dementia and attitudes toward dementia directly affected elderly care. Third, family intimacy (parent-child) was found to be 7.8% for older adults, 20.2% for family intimacy and attitudes toward dementia, and 34.1% for elderly care (p.<.001). Fourth, it has been verified that the absolute value of attitudes toward dementia and elderly people's awareness of elderly people and attitudes between family intimacy and elderly care has been higher than 1.96 and thus acts as a mediating role. These findings are intended to contribute to the welfare of senior citizens' education to improve the quality of life for senior citizens through the resolution of conflicts between generations, as well as the resolution of positive stimulus, by developing various programs such as family friendship, elderly awareness, culture with parents, and various experiences to improve attitudes toward dementia in early adolescence.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.251-265
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• 2022

According to the 2019 statistics of the National Statistical Office, the population of old people over 65 is 7.69 million which consists of 14.9% of total population in Korea, and the world's fastest compressed-aging is being processed. Employees engaged in financial business as representative high-wage workers tend to choose voluntary retirement regardless of their business types, and rarely get a new job or establish their own business successfully. This study analyzes the effects of retirement expectations, social supports, and entrepreneurial intention for employees engaged in financial business, and the differences by individual characteristics on the preparation for their old age. The subjects include 280 people working at Seoul metropolitan and Daegu area. The data were analyzed with the SPSS Win Ver. 18.0 for frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis, etc. and the results of the study are as follows. First, the result of analyzing the effect of retirement expectations of employees engaged in financial business on the preparation for old age shows that the retirement expectations of the people who consider retirement is a new start meaningfully affect the financial and physical preparations for old age. Second, it is shown that family relations for employees engaged in financial business meaningfully affect the financial preparation, and family relations and friendship relations meaningfully affect the emotional and social preparations, despite social supports do not relevantly affect the financial preparation for old age. Third, it is also shown that the entrepreneurial intention of employees engaged in financial business does not relevantly affect the financial and physical preparations, but meaningfully affects the emotional and social preparations for old age. Fourth, the result of analyzing the effect of the individual characteristics of employees engaged in financial business on the preparation for their old age shows that age, marital status, and job grade do not relevantly affect, but the experience of entrepreneurship education more affects the preparation for old age than no-experience.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy of hyperfractionated radiation therapy in carcinoma of the cervix, especially on huge exophytic and endophytic stage Ib, IIa and IIb Materials and Materials : Fourty one patients with carcinoma of the cervix treated with hyperfractionated radiation therapy at the Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University. School of Medicine from Jul, 1991 to Apr, 1994. According to FIGO s1aging system, therewere stage Ib (3 patients) IIa (6 patients) with exophytic ($\geq$5cm in dinmeter) and huge endophytic mass. and IIb (32 patients) with median age of 55 yeavs old. Radiation therapy consisted of hyperfractionated external irradition to the whole pelvis (120cGy/fraction, 2 fraction/day (minimum interval of 6 hours), 3600-5520cGy) and boost parametrial doses (for a total of 4480-6480cGy) with midline shield $(4\times10cm)$, and combined with intracavitary irradiation (up to 7480-8520cGy in Ib, IIa and 8480-9980cGy in IIb to point A). The maximum and mean follow up durations were 70 and 47 months respectively . Results : Five year local control rate was $78\%$ and the actuarial overall five year survival rate was $66.1\%$ for all patients, $44.4\%$ for stage Ib, IIa and $71.4\%$ for stage IIb. In bulky IIb (above 5cm in tumor size, 11 patients) five year local control rate and five rear survival rate was $88.9\%,\;73\%$ respectively Pelvic lymph node status (negative : $74\%,\;positive:25\%$, p=0.0015) was significant Prognostic factor affecting to five rear survival rate. There was marginally significant survival difference by total dose to A point ($>84Gy\;:\;70\%,\;>84Gy\;:\;42.8\%$, p=0.1). We consider that the difference of total dose to A point by stage (mean Ib,IIa : 79Gy. IIb 89Gy P=0.001) is one of the causes in worse local control and survival of Ib,IIa than IIb The overall recurrence rate was $39\%$ (16/41). The rates of local failure alone. distant failure alone. and combined local and distant failure were $9.7\%,\;19.5\%,\;and\;9.7\%$, respectively. Two Patients developed leukopenia ($\geq$ grade 3) and Three patients develoued grade 3 gastrointestinal complication. Above grade 3 complication was not noted. There was no treatment related death noted. Conclusion : We thought that it may be necessary to increase A point dose to more than 85Gy in hyperfractionated radiotherapy of huge exophytic and endophvtic stage Ib,IIa. We considered that hyperfractionated radiation therapy may be tolerable in huge exophytic and endophytic stage IIb cervical carcinoma with acceptable morbidity and possible survival gain but this was results in small patient group and will be confirmed by long term follow up in many patients.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.9
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• pp.9-27
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• 1968

Studies were carried out in order to elucidate chemical components and microflora in three types of soy-sauce, 12-year aged soy-sauce prepared by improved method. 7-year aged and 20-year aged soy-sauce prepared by ordinary method. They results are summarized as follows: 1. The followings are found to be the important factors affecting the quality of soy sauce. a. Organic acids, reducing sugars and free amino acids were increased in the course of storage. b. In the aged soy-sauces under study non-volatile organic acid increased while volatile organic acid decreased and the total acidity was dependent only upon tie latter. c. It was found that suit concentration decreased during the storage. 2. The results of investigation of microflora in the stored soy-sauce are shown as follows. Soy-sauce Improved Ordinary Microbe 12-Y. 20-Y. 7-Y. Aerobic bacteria colony/1ml. 6 123 2 Halophilic lactic acid bacteria colony/1ml. 4 6 10 Osmophilic yeast colony/1ml. $828{\times}10^4$ 248 - b. In the stored soy-sauces, aerobic bacteria are incapable of growing due to drop in pH value and the influence of salt concentration. c. Halophilic lactic acid bacteria are incapable of growing due to drop in pH value, even the salt concentrations decreased during the storage. d. Osmophilic yeast are still growing in low pH value and in the decreasing salt concentration during the strage. 3. The results of amino acid analysis by paper partition chromatographic and calorimetric methods are shown as follows. a. Fourteen kinds of amino acid and thirteen amino acids were detected in the soy-sauce of 12-year aged improved soy-sauce and 7-year aged and 20-year aged ordinary one, respectively. b. The contents of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, valine, leucine, lysine, histidine and methionine increased in the 20-year aged ordinary soy-sauce compared to the 7-year aged one. On the other hand those of alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and cystine decreased. 4. The results of sugar analysis by paper chromatography are as follows. a. In the 12-year aged improved soy-sauce, galactose, glucose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, maltose and an unknown were detected, and their amounts were in the above order except maltose and an unknown. b. Both in the 7 and 12-year aged ordinary soy-sauces, galactose, arabinose, xylose, glucose and rhamnose were detected and the amounts of the sugars were in the above order. c. In the non-aged ordinary soy-sauce, glucose was not detected but detected from 7-year and 20-year aged ordinary soy-sauce. 5. The results of organic acid analysis by paper chromatography were as follows. a. As volatile acids, acetic, propionic and butyric acids were detected in the 7-year aged ordinary soy-sauce. On the other hand in both the 20-year aged ordinary soy-sauce and the 12-year aged improved ones, only acetic acid was abundant while propionic and butyric acids were round in trace. It was found that propionic and butyric acids, as the unpleasant flavor components, decreased during the storage. b. In the ordinary soy-sauce, citric acid were produced during the storage and lack, malic and tartaric acids increased in the course of aging while succinic, glycolic, fumaric and malonic acids were shown to decrease. Glutaric and oxalic acids disappeared. Citric acid was produced also in the improved soy-sauce, but lactic, tartaric, succinic, malic, and glycolic acids decreased, while both malonic and glutaric acids disappeared. From the above results the citric acid production was considered to be a favorable factor for the taste. c. In the aged soy-sauces, pyruvic, α-ketoglutaric and probably acetoacetic and oxaloacetic acids (both in trace) were present and their amounts were in the above order. All of the α-keto acid abruptly decreased during the storage.