• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.743-756
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• 2009

This paper tries to analyze how the governance institutions of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey overcome agent problems in public agencies based on the Principal-Agent Theory, and find the implications that will be helpful to the governance of port authorities in Korea. The Port Authority's governance is characterized by decentralization of personnel rights, open meetings policy, freedom of information policy, public hearings, and fiscally self-supporting system. Those characteristics are helpful in overcoming the agent problems of public agency, such as adverse selection, moral hazard, and complicated external structure, through reinforcing of monitoring agent by principal, easing of information asymmetry between principal and agent, and clarification of organizational ownership structure. Those characteristics may give many implications for the design of governance structures of port authorities in Korea.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.32
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• pp.395-432
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is (i) to explore arguments of post-kohlbergian approach in moral psychology and; (ii) to analyze Blasi's and Lapsley's positions regarding the relationship between moral philosophy and psychology in terms of reflective reasoning and; (ⅲ) to suggest their's implication concerning the future development of moral identity theory. Moral identity theory has emerged as an alternative approach of the Kohlberg's moral development theory. Theorists of moral identity theory commonly criticize Kohlberg's theory as a philosophical psychology and insist the autonomy of moral psychology. However, one can find different positions within this trend, especially concerning he meaning and role of the reflection in moral functioning. Blasi emphasizes the importance of the reflective reasoning of moral agent, while Lapsley supports moral automacy contrary to Kohlberg's phenomenalism. Although Blasi had been negative about building moral psychology based on the moral philosophy, he has articulated the moral identity theory based on the concept of free will by Frankfurt. However, recently he criticizes intuitionist theory of Haidit and suggests the notion of the moral agent with the skill of reflective reasoning, or post-conventional thinking in Kohlberg's terms. Blasi's perspective of moral identity has two version. The one emphasizes the moral understanding which means strong evaluation, while the other refers to reasoning with weak evaluation. This leads to an inevitable inner contradiction within his theory of moral identity. Lapsley considers moral identity as a heuristic idea and suggests moral chronic as a new model of moral identity. This model is based on the social cognitive theory. His social cognitive model of moral personality provides the account for implicit, tacit, and automatic of moral functioning, while reflecting the core of moral identity. Lapsley suggests that moral function involves conscious and unconscious processes. The former occurs in normal situations of life, while the latter in rare and unusual situations. He does not highlight reasoning in moral functioning as Blasi do. In consequence, I will argue the notion of the moral agent with the skill of reflective reasoning, or post conventional thinking in Kohlberg's terms in the moral functioning like Gibbs and Turiel positions in the Journal of Moral Education' s 2008 special issue. Moral philosophy and psychology should be in complementary relations. It means we explore not only more interdisciplinary researches on the moral functioning, but also researches based on the moral philosophy.

• The Journal of Korea Robotics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.339-349
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• 2017

In this paper, we present a finite-time sliding mode control (FSMC) with an integral finite-time sliding surface for applying the concept of graph theory to a distributed wheeled mobile robot (WMR) system. The kinematic and dynamic property of the WMR system are considered simultaneously to design a finite-time sliding mode controller. Next, consensus and formation control laws for distributed WMR systems are derived by using the graph theory. The kinematic and dynamic controllers are applied simultaneously to compensate the dynamic effect of the WMR system. Compared to the conventional sliding mode control (SMC), fast convergence is assured and the finite-time performance index is derived using extended Lyapunov function with adaptive law to describe the uncertainty. Numerical simulation results of formation control for WMR systems shows the efficacy of the proposed controller.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.57-77
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• 2008

The $21^{st}$ century is a new century of environmental protection. Environmental protection is one of the most important subject matters yet to come. Moreover, as the public pays more attention to environmental problems, enterprises should increase their investment in environmental management. Therefore, determining the investment level for environmental management and allocating the investment to associated environmental management activities has become a major task. The principal and agent theory and sales response functions are used for analysis in this research. The allocation of capital investment in environmental management is found to have significant impact on the aggregate sales response, aggregate profit and investment level. Therefore, in preparing the budget for environmental management, enterprises should focus on investment allocation decisions, determine the investment level and allocation method using integrated means, and apply submarket data in the allocation decision-making process. In other words, in setting the investment level, executive management should take managers' willingness into consideration. In allocating capital investment, managers should identify the optimal allocation method based on submarket characteristics.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.774-779
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• 2007

최근 온라인 경매나 오픈 마켓 같은 온라인 전자상거래가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 더불어 사용자가 PDA와 같은 단말기를 휴대하고 이동하는 동안 전자상거래가 이루어질 가능성이 높아지고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 온라인 전자상거래의 구매자와 판매자를 대신해서 협상을 수행하고 매매를 성사시키는 에이전트에 대한 연구가 시도되고 있다. 이를 확장하여 지능형 에이전트를 휴대형단말기에 적용함으로써, 모바일 환경에서 구매자와 판매자간의 전자상거래를 대행하는 협상 에이전트의 필요성이 부각되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 모바일 전자상거래환경에서 에이전트가 협상에 대한 합리적인 판단할 수 있도록 게임이론을 사용하여 모델화 하였고, 휴대형단말기가 블루투스를 통해 인근에 있는 상점을 탐색 및 블루투스 네트워크를 구성하도록 하였다. 또한, 사용자가 협상 항목을 단계적으로 변경할 수 있는 전략을 사용할 수 있게 하였으며, 이를 평가함수를 사용하여 협상해서 최종 거래 결정은 자동 또는 수동으로 성사되게 하였다. 기존 협상 모델은 가격과 배송 방법 같은 협상 항목에 대해 가중치만을 변경하여 만족도를 판단함으로써, 실질적인 항목의 변화는 없고 초기에 설정된 협상 항목이 변경되지 않는 문제점이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 다단계 전략을 사용하여 단계마다 사용자의 요구 사항을 변경시킬 수 있기 때문에, 초기에 설정한 협상 항목의 값이 단계별로 변경될 수 있어 사용자의 의도가 협상에 실질적으로 반영되는 효과가 있다. 더불어 오프라인 전자상거래에서는 구매자가 직접 상점을 방문하여 상품을 검색하고 협상하였다. 그러나, 본 연구에서는 이동중인 사용자의 인근에 위치한 상점 에이전트로부터 상품 정보를 받는다. 그 후에 에이전트가 구매 협상을 하기 때문에 사용자가 이동 중에 상가에 직접 들어가지 않고도 상품을 검색 및 협상 할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 제안한 모바일 쇼핑 에이전트를 구현하고, 협상 과정과 결과를 비교하여 모델의 타당성과 성능을 평가한다.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.137-147
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• 2007

As Web-based online communities are rapidly growing, the agents in social groups need to know their measurable belief of trust for safe andsuccessful interactions. In this paper, we propose a computational model of trust resulting from available feedbacks in online communities. The notion of trust can be defined as an aggregation of consensus given a set of past interactions. The averagetrust of an agent further represents the center of gravity of the distribution of its trustworthiness and untrustworthiness. And then, we precisely describe the relationship between reputation, trust, and averagetrust through a concrete example of their computations. We apply our trust model to online internet settings in order to show how trust mechanisms are involved in a rational decision-making of the agents.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.312-322
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• 2010

An enterprise must achieve both a sound organizational management and effective development of individual members while maintaining a balanced approach. Relative to this, there is a research field dubbed as Organizational Activation. However, there is a necessity to clarify various factors required for organizational activation and to propose a methodology for organization management. This study is an attempt to create a model from an organization-a University Seminar Class-and agents therein-the Students and the Teacher-with an assumed goal of advancing together toward the students' self-growth. The model is expressed on two dimensional planes with vectors through a computer. Vectors are composed of the growth, demand, member, hindrance and student vectors. These vectors provide data to the mathematical model for a simulation. Each agent provided the individual information from the questionnaire-conducted to 169 university students. From the analysis data and extrapolations, this study was able to craft a guideline for future seminar activity. It also examines the possibility of assimilation of the Questionnaire Approach and that of the Computational Organization Theory approach. Finally, this study discusses the future possibility of application of the Assimilated Method for research and development, and for project management.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2000

This paper deals with complex system theory to describe land combat situation using EINSTein (Enhanced ISAAC Neural Simulation Tool) simulation model. Many studies have shown that existing Lanchester equations used in most wargame models does not describe changes of combat units, real land warfare situation and qualitative factors in combat. Future warfare will be a non-linear combat with various weapon system and complex combat units. EINSTein models is an agent-based simulation tool using complex system theory. We have compared and tested land combat results with Lanchester models and EINSTein models. The results have shown that EINSTein model has a possibility to apply and analyze land warfare more properly than Lanchester models.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1090-1101
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• 2017

This study analyzes spatial density and integration of Space Syntax and Discrete Event Simulation (DEVS) of complex system theory and analyzes spatial structure by property, type and depth. The aim of this study is to secure the validity of the theoretical application. The study evaluated the correlation between spatial density and integration by setting up eight types of analysis models. In addition, analyzed the correlation of structural characteristics and approached the application of discrete event simulation of spatial syntax theory. It is confirmed that the concept of integration of spatial syntax theory and analysis using discrete event simulation are valid as new spatial analysis methodology. Also expect that realistic and concrete predictions will be possible if discrete event simulation evolves into research for space allocation and space efficiency optimization.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.795-802
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• 2020

This study seeks to determine the effect of the application of accounting information system (AIS), internal control system, and human resource (HR) competency on the quality of local government financial statements (FS). This study uses agency theory and compliance theory. Agency theory is used to explain that there is a link between the society as the principal and the government as the agent. Compliance theory is a theory, which states that every agency is obliged to comply with regulations because the law-drafting authority has the right to dictate behavior. The population in this study were employees of the financial division of local government organizations in one of the districts in Central Java, Indonesia. The total samples in this study was 106 respondents. The data used are primary data taken from distributing questionnaires to respondents. The method of analysis used to test the hypothesis was multiple linear regression analysis. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that HR competency has an effect on the quality of FS; however, the application of AIS and internal control system has no effect on the quality of FS. The implication of this research underlines the importance of HR competency to improve the quality of local government FS.