• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2006

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of women's late age of marriage on the interval between marriage and their first birth Methods: Data from Year 2000 Korea National Fertility Survey was collected through direct interview questionings, and the data was analyzed based on randomly selected sampling. In particular, the married women (N=5,648) were analyzed for the factors that determined the first-birth interval by performing Cox's proportional hazard model survival analysis. Results: Unlike previous findings, the woman whose age of marriage was 30 or more was more likely to delay the birth of her first baby than were the other women who married earlier. Further, a woman's age at marriage, a woman's residence before marriage, her husband's religion, her husband's level of education and the difference in age between the woman and her husband significantly influenced the first-birth interval. In contrast, for a married woman, her age, level of education, current residence and religion were not significant predictors of her first birth interval. Conclusions: Our study showed that women who married at the age of 30 years or more tend to postpone their first birth in Korea. When facing the increasing number of women who marry at a late age, the Korean government should implement population and social policies to encourage married women have their first child as early as possible.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.144-152
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence rate of hypertension and diabetes a in the urban communities and to provide the basic data for development of health promot The subjects of this study were 526 people over the age of 20, living in Seoul. Data for this collected from June 19, 2001 to September 25, 2001. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The subject group is comprised of males, $57.4\%$ and females, $42.6\%$. Their ages range from 20 to 89, and the weights from 40 to 94 kilograms. 2. In the systolic blood pressure, $36.1\%$ showed high, $56.5\%$ normal. and $7.4\%$ low. In the diastolic blood pressure, $50.5\%$ showed high, $48.9\%$ normal, and $1.7\%$. low. In the blood glucose, $70.3\%$ showed normal. $27.9\%$ high, and $1.7\%$. low. 3. There was a significant difference in the mean(SD) of the systolic blood pressure by age(p=.017) and weight(p=.005). Another significant difference was found in the mean (SD) of the diastolic blood pressure by age(p=.006) and weight(p=.007). There was a significant difference in the mean(SD) of the blood glucose by sex and age(p=.001). 4. There were significant correlations between the blood pressure and the blood glucose and the sex, age and weight. 5. The multiple regression analysis showed that the age and weight explained $9.9\%$ of the systolic blood pressure, that the weight and age explained $7.1\%$ of the diastolic blood pressure, and that the age and systolic blood pressure explained $7.0\%$ of blood glucose. The results were useful in developing health promotion programs. This study suggests that a further study be needed.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify the eating habits and attitudes by socioeconomic factors(sex, age, educational level and annual family income) of adults in rural areas. The survey was administered by the nationwide 580 adult persons in rural in February 2001. The survey was conducted by a questionnaire that was composed of 20 items of likert-type scale. These data were analyzed by using SPSS(version 10.0) PC package and were expressed by mean and frequency. The results are following : 1) The degree of efforts to eating safe and fresh food were significantly different according to age(p<0.05), educational level(p<0.001) and annual family income(p<0.001). 2) The degree of efforts to nutritional balanced diet were significantly different by age(p<0.05) and annual family income(p<0.00l). 3) The concern about overeating of energyㆍsaltㆍfat were increased as the educational level goes up(p<0.001). 4) Meal regularity was more regular as age goes up(p<0.05). 5) Regarding for eating a variety of food were differed significantly by age(p<0.05) and educational level(p<0.01). 6) There are significantly different in duration of meal time of the subjects by sex(p<0.001), age(p<0.05) and educational level(p<0.0l). 7) Preference for snacks was significantly different by age (p<0.05) and educational level(p<0.0l). 8) There were significant differences in preference for processed foods(p<0.001) and frequency of using a chemical seasoning in cooking(p<0.05) of the subjects by educational level. 9) As the age(p<0.001) goes up and the educational level(p<0.001) and annual family income(p<0.001) goes down, they did not recognize the necessity for improving eating habits. According to these results, there were differences in eating habits between socioeconomic characteristics group in rural area. Therefore, this study can be used as basic data for specific nutritional intervention program in rural areas.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2020

The study was conducted to predict usage attitudes and behaviors by combining usage motivation and sensitivity, gender, and age in aviation-related social media. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of social media information acceptance, motivation and sensitivity on gender acceptance by gender and age. To this end, we collected data in an even distribution to prevent gender and age bias among adults aged 20 or older online from April 19 to May 3, 2018. As a result, the lower the female and age in the gender and age had a positive effect on the acceptance of social media information. Motivation for use has a positive effect on information acceptance and sensitivity has a negative effect on information acceptance. Through this, it was found that user class such as gender and age, motivation to use, and sensitivity affect information acceptance. In addition, the negative aspects of the sensitivity factor can be identified, and it is expected to be used as basic data in aviation-related social media marketing strategies.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• v.33 no.48
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• pp.311.1-311.10
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• 2018

Background: In postmenopausal women, there is rapid bone loss due to estrogen depletion. In women, reproductive factors such as age at menarche, breastfeeding, and parity are considered risk factors of osteoporosis. Many reports suggest that obesity is associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis. This nationwide, population-based study aims to identify the association between maternal age and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal women of different obesity classifications. Methods: We assessed data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010-2012. The study included 1,328 postmenopausal women, after excluding women with missing data for reproductive history among 4,546 postmenopausal women in the survey. Multivariate regression was used to identify the association between childbirth age and postmenopausal bone mineral density after adjustments for confounding factors. Results: The prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis was 35.24% (n = 468). After dividing the subjects into obese and non-obese groups based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference, there were significant differences between non-osteoporosis and osteoporosis groups with regard to age at first childbirth, age at last childbirth, and parity in the BMI-based general obesity group. The prevalence of osteoporosis was highest in women older than 35 years old at last childbirth. The prevalence of osteoporosis was also greater in women with parity ${\geq}4$ compared to those with lower parity levels. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women of older age at last childbirth and higher parity were at increased risk of osteoporosis in the BMI-based non-general obesity group.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.75-81
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to observe the age differences in safety perception among babyboomer, pre-elderly, and the elderly and to seek for countermeasures to overcome the risk. The data used for this study were from the 2008 Social Survey conducted by Administration on Statistics, Korea. The data were divided into three different age groups such as babyboomer, pre-elderly, and the elderly. Results showed that overall safety level of the society, safety perception of others and oneself, current social safety level compared to 10 years ago, social safety level after 10years, awareness of safety among different social fields, and the rank among the list of factors that lead to social insecurity appeared to differ according to the three different age groups. The awareness of safety for the elderly group was not higher than babyboomer and pre-elderly groups. Age differences in safety perception reflected the times and experiences the same age cohort went through. Countermeasures for security should be developed by considering the characteristics of the generations and different age groups.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.67-75
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate difference between walking practice and happiness of one-person households according to the life cycles. This is a secondary analysis study using data from the 2021 Community Health Survey. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25 program for composite sample statistical analysis. As a result, in old age, there were many women, low education, and non-economic activities, and there were many basic living and less than 7 hours of sleep. The walking practice of one-person households was low in youth, middle age, and old age of one-person households. The level of happiness by life cycles of one-person households was 6.69 points in youth, 6.43 points in old age, and 6.19 points in middle age, and the happiness of middle age was the lowest. In youth, middle age, and old age of one-person households, there was a significant differences in happiness depending on walking practice. Therefore, social, welfare, and policy strategies should be developed to encourage walking to improve happiness of one-person households.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2000

Middle age for women is one of the most important stages of the whole normal life span and has unique problems concerning the psychological and physical health, specifically degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Therefore middle age women should prepare in order to lead a healthy and fruitful life as they enter/begin old age. As the population of middle age women increase, the demands of nurses who care for this age group also continue to glow. Nurses must be interested in this middle age group of women in Korea. This study was designed to identify the extent of family support and self-esteem of the middle age women with degenerative musculoskeletal diseases and the relationship between them and nurse's contribution to middle age women's health promotion that maintain and promote qualify of her life. The population of this study was 112 women aged 40-60, attending the out patient clinic one University Hospital and one Hospital, in Pusan. The data was collected from 1st August to the 30th of September, 1998 by using 36 items questionnaire. The instrument used for measuring family support was of Chai's(1983) FSS which was modified by Kang's(1984) Family Support Scale. And that for self-esteem was Rosenberg's(1965) Self-esteem Scale. The reliability of Chai's FSS and Rosenberg's instruments were tested by Cronbach's alpha and showed that they were 0.93 and 0.89 each respectively. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient using the SPSS computer program. The results of the study were summarized as follows : 1. The mean score of the perceived family support was $39.31{\pm}9.42$. 2. The mean score of the perceived self-esteem was $33.16{\pm}6.75$. 3. Statistically significant factors influencing the family support among sociodemographic variables was satisfaction of marriage(F=-3.069, p<0.003). 4. Statistically significant factors influencing the self-esteem among sociodemographic variables were age(F=3.992, p=0.000), education(F=2.260, P=0.026), housing (F=-1.987, P=0.049) and satisfaction of marriage(F=-2.305, P=0.023). 5. There was a significant correlation between family support and self-esteem (r=.621, p<.000). In conclusion, perceived the family support was important for middle age women to increase their self-esteem. Nurses should be aware of the necessity of family support in the supportive nursing of middle age women and should be able to make a plan to educate the family about supporting the wife/mother. The continuing study of the health promotion of middle age women to find out variables influencing middle age women' health must continue.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.242-246
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• 2013

Purpose: The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is an important clinical tool for evaluating exercise capacity and is frequently used to evaluate chronic conditions including congenital heart disease. However, data on the normal CPET values for Korean children and adolescents are lacking. The aim of this study was to provide reference data for CPET variables in children and adolescents. Methods: From August 2006 to April 2009, 76 healthy children and adolescents underwent the CPET performed using the modified Bruce protocol. Here, we performed a medical record review to obtain data regarding patient' demographics, medical history, and clinical status. Results: The peak oxygen uptake ($VO_{2Peak}$) and metabolic equivalent ($MET_{Max}$) were higher in boys than girls. The respiratory minute volume $(V_E)/CO_2$ production ($VCO_2$) slope did not significantly differ between boys and girls. The cardiopulmonary exercise test data did not significantly differ between the boys and girls in younger age group (age, 10 to 14 years). However, in older age group (age, 15 to 19 years), the boys had higher $VO_{2Peak}$ and $MET_{Max}$ values and lower $V_E/VCO_2$ values than the girls. Conclusion: This study provides reference data for CPET variables in case of children and adolescents and will make it easier to use the CPET for clinical decision-making.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2011

More accurate evaluation of iodine consumption of Koreans can be made by measuring the urinary iodine excretion of people living in representative areas. The data about average iodine excretions by region, sex and age were gathered in order to suggest as a factor the criteria on the progress or prognosis of thyroid disease patients. This study was conducted on 3,000 subjects (2,000 Younggwang-gun residents and 1,000 Muan-gun residents) between July 2004 and August 2005. The data sampling was done based on stratified random sampling and the data were analyzed according to age (the subjects were divided into age groups, five years each) and sex of the subjects. Of the 3,000 subjects, a total of 1,592 people (1,174 in Younggwang-gun and 418 in Muan-gun) participated in this study, which used ISE (iodine ion selective electrode) to measure the concentration of iodine in urine. The 1,592 subjects are composed of 732 males and 860 females. The average urinary iodine excretion was $3.10{\pm}1.75mg/L$ (0.31~15.2 mg/L). The average iodine excretion of males was $3.09{\pm}1.61mg/L$ (0.42~15.2 mg/L) while it was $3.11{\pm}1.86mg/L$ (0.31~12.5 mg/L) among females, which represents no significant difference between males and females. However, the values were significantly higher than those of Europeans and Americans. There were statistically significant differences among the regions. When the data were analyzed according to age, females in their 40s were found to have a little less urinary iodine excretion and males had less and less iodine excretion as they get older. These results are deemed to have a statistically significant difference. This study was conducted on a large number of people (N=1,592) for the first time in Korea. If the data collected through this study can be regarded as the average urinary iodine excretion of Koreans, it is possible to conclude that the average iodine consumptions of Koreans are a lot more than Europeans and Americans. Thus, the effect of much iodine consumption should be studied further.