• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.130-133
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• 2019

The Ag crystallite formed during the formation of the front electrode forms a contact between the metal of the electrode and the emitter of the cell. Contact between the electrode and emitter plays an important role in collecting electrons generated by the solar cell. Therefore, Ag crystallite formation is an important factor. In order for solar cells to have good characteristics, it is important to understand the factors influencing the Ag crystallite formation. Factors affecting the formation of Ag crystallites include Si emitter, morphology, Si defect and firing temperature. The influence of surface morphology on Ag crystallite formation was confirmed throughout this study. In the case of fine texturing, the Ag crystallites were formed at the pointed parts. The finer the texturing, the sharper areas and more Ag crystallites were formed. This was confirmed by SEM image and FF calculation.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.661-668
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• 2002

A study was made to examine the electrical, compositional, structural and morphological properties of Ag thin films deposited by DC magnetron sputtering in $O_2$ atmosphere with deposition temperature from room temperature to 15$0^{\circ}C$ using in-line sputter system. The Ag films deposited at temperature above $100^{\circ}C$ in oxygen atmosphere gave a similar specific resistivity to and even lower oxygen content than those deposited using pure Ar sputter gas The Ag films deposited with pure Ar gas was mainly composed of crystallites with [111] preferred orientation, while, for those deposited in oxygen atmosphere, more than 50% of the volume was composed of crystallites with [100] orientation. The difference in the micro structure did not cause any difference in the specific resistivity of Ag films. The results showed that the transparent conducting oxide films and the Ag films could be processed sequentially in the same deposition chamber with careful control of deposition temperature, which might result in a cost reduction for constructing the large scale in-line deposition system.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.202-206
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• 1985

The crystal structure of The crystal structure of $Ag^+$-Exchanged Zeolite A, $Ag_{4.6}Na_{7.4}-A$, dehydrated, treated with $H_2$, and evacuated, all at $350^{\circ}C$, has been determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction methods in the cubic space group Pm3m at $24(1)^{\circ}C;$ a = $12.208(2)\AA.$ The structure was refined to the final error indices R1 = 0.088 and R2 (weighted) = 0.069 using 194 independent reflections for which II_0$ > $3{\sigma}(I_0)$. On threefold axes near the centers of 6-oxygen rings, $7.4 Na^+$ ions and $0.6 Ag^+$ ions are found. Two non-equivalent 8-ring $Ag^+$ ions are found off the 8-ring planes, each containing about $0.6 Ag^+$ ions. Three non-equivalent Ag atom positions are found in the large cavity, each containing about 0.6 Ag atoms. This crystallographic analysis may be interpreted to indicate that $0.6 (Ag_6)^{3+}$ clusters are present in each large cavity. This cluster may be viewed as a nearly linear trisilver molecule $(Ag_3)^0$ (bond lengths, 2.92 and 2.94 $\AA;$ angle, $153^{\circ})$ stabilized by the coordination of each atom to a Ag^+$ ion at 3.30, 3.33, and 3.43 $\AA$, respectively. In addition, one of the silver atoms approaches all of the 0(1) oxygens of a 4-ring at $2.76\AA.$ Altogether $7.4 Na^+$ ions, $1.8 Ag^+$ ions, and 1.8 Ag atoms are located per unit cell. The remaining $1.0 Ag^+$ ion has been reduced and has migrated out of the zeolite framework to form silver crystallites on the surface of the zeolite single crystal.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.143-148
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• 1993

Composition and microstructures of Silver-Tin alloy deposits from a pyrophosphate bath were studied under the D.C. electrolysis conditions. Cathode current efficiency and throwing power of alloy deposits de-creased with increasing current density. Tin content of Ag-Sn alloy deposits decreased noticeably with the cur-rent density and with decreasing pH. The preferred orientation of the deposits tended to change in sequence of (110)longrightarrow(111)longrightarrow(100) texture with increasing the cathode overpotential. The surface structure of alloy deposits showed the smooth surface structure with fine crystallites.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.714-720
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• 2011

Ethanol was used as reducing agent to remove $NO_x$ exhaust from the stationary source. Pre-treatment with sulfuric acid over $Ag/Al_2O_3$ catalyst was dedicated to overcome the $SO_2$ poisoning effect. The $NO_x$ reduction experiment was performed under the simulated condition of power plant The increased surface area with higher CPSI devoted to increase de-$NO_x$ yield. De-$NO_x$ yield of the $NO_x$ exhaust containing 20 ppm of $SO_2$ increased after acid treatment with 0.7% $H_2SO_4$ over 4.0% $Ag/Al_2O_3$, where the increased dispersion of Ag found from the results of XRD and XPS was the dominant factor for the increased de-$NO_x$ yield. However, the reason for the decreased de-$NO_x$ yield with the acid treatment of higher concentration (1.0% and 2.0%) of $H_2SO_4$ was found to be due to the formation of $Ag_2SO_4$ crystallites found from XRD result. Acid-treated $Ag/Al_2O_3$ catalyst showed maximum de-$NO_x$ yield at higher temperature than non-treated $Ag/Al_2O_3$ catalyst did.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.100.2-100.2
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• 2012

Surface texturing of crystalline silicon is carried out in alkaline solutions for anisotropic etching that leads to random pyramids of about $10{\mu}m$ in size. Recently textured pyramids size gradually reduced using new solution. In this paper, we investigated that texture pyramids size had an impact on emitter property and front electrode (Ag) contact. To make small (${\sim}3{\mu}m$) and large (${\sim}10{\mu}m$) pyramids size, texturing times control and one side texturing using a silicon nitride film were carried out. Then formation and quality of POCl3-diffused n+ emitter in furnace compare with small and large pyramids by using SEM images, simulation (SILVACO, Athena module) and emitter saturation current density (J0e). After metallization, Ag contact resistance was measured by transfer length method (TLM) pattern. And surface distributions of Ag crystallites were observed by SEM images. Also, performance of cell which is fabricated by screen-printed solar cells is compared by light I-V.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.125-134
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• 2019

The Origanum vulgare L.-mediated synthesis of Ag nanoparticles was successfully realized within the present study. Various concentrations of the $AgNO_3$ used as a silver precursor (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 100 mM) were used. Very rapid formation of Ag nanoparticles was observed, as only minutes were necessary for the completion of the reaction. With the increasing concentration, red shift of the surface plasmon resonance peak was observed in the Vis spectra. According to photon cross-correlation spectroscopy results, the finest grain size distribution was obtained for the 2.5 mM sample. The transmission electron microscopy analysis of this sample has shown bimodal size distribution with larger crystallites with 100 nm size and smaller around 10 nm. The antibacterial activity was also the best for this sample so the positive correlation between good grain size distribution and antibacterial activity was found. The in-depth discussion of antibacterial activity with related works from the materials science point of view is provided, namely emphasizing the role of effective nanoparticles distribution within the plant extract or matrix. The antibacterial activity seems to be governed by both content of Ag nanoparticles and their effective distribution. This work contributes to still expanding environmentally acceptable field of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제40권7호
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• pp.474-482
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• 1996

$Ag^+$ 이온으로 완전히 치환되고 탈수된 두개의 제올라이트 X의 구조(a=24.922${\AA}$, a=24.901(1)${\AA}$)를 21$^{\circ}C$에서 입방공간군 Fd3을 사용하여 단결정 X-선 회절법으로 해석하고 구조를 정밀화하였다. 결정은 $AgNO_3$의 수용액을 사용하여 3일간 흐름법으로 이온 교환하였다. 첫번째 결정은 300$^{\circ}C$에서 $2{\times}10^{-6$torr하에서 2일간 진공 탈수하였다. 두번째 결정은 350$^{\circ}C$에서 진공 탈수하였다. 첫번째 구조는 Full-matrix 최소자승법 정밀화 계산에서 I>3${\sigma}$(I)인 227개의 독립 반사를 사용하여 최종 오차 인자를 $R_1=0.095,\;R_2=0.092$까지 정밀화 계산하였고, 두번째 구조는 334개의 독립 반사를 사용하여 $R_1=0.096,\;R_2=0.087$까지 정밀화시켰다. 첫번째 결정에서 Ag는 서로 다른 5개의 결정학적 자리에 위치하였다. 16개의 $Ag^-$이온은 D6R의 중심에 있는 자리 I를 채우면서 위치하고, 32개의 Ag원자는 D6R의 맞은편에 있는 소다라이트 공동에 있는 자리 I'에 위치하였고, 17개의 $Ag^+$ 이온은 큰 공동에 있는 6-산소 링에서 소다라이트 공동 내의 32-중축을 가진 II'에 위치하고, 15개의 $Ag^+$ 이온은 큰 공동에 32-중축을 가진 II에 위치하고, 나마지 12개의 $Ag^+$이온은 2중축을 약간 벗어난 큰 공동에 있는 III'에 위치하였다. 두번째 결정에서 모든 Ag종은 첫번째 결정과 유사한 자리에 있었다. 자리 I에 16개, 자리 I'에 28개, 자리 II에 16개, 자리 II'에 16개, 자리 III에 6개 또 다른 III'에 6개 모두 88개의 Ag종이 위치하였고 4개의 Ag원자는 탈수중에 골조 밖으로 이동하였다. 이들 결정에서 Ag원자는 소다라이트 공동의 중심에서 사면체의 $Ag_4$ 클라스터를 형성하였다. 이 클라스터는 2개의 $Ag^+$이온과 배위하여 안정화 된다. 클라스터에서 Ag-Ag 거리는 약 3.05.angs.이고 은금속에서 Ag-Ag 거리인 2.89.angs.보다 약간 길었다. 소다라이트 공동에 위치한 자리II에서 적어도 2개의 6-링에 위치한 $Ag^+$이온은 클라스터에 반드시 배위하며, 뒤틀린 팔면체 은 클라스터인($Ag_6)^{2+}$)로 존재한다.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.173-176
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• 2014

We have investigated the seed layer formation of front side contact using the inkjet printing process. Conductive silver ink was printed on textured Si wafers with 80 nm thick $SiN_x$ anti reflection coating (ARC) layers and thickened by light induced plating (LIP). The inkjet printable sliver inks were specifically formulated for inkjet printing on these substrates. Also, a novel method to prepare nano-sized glass frits by the sol-gel process with particle sizes around 5 nm is presented. Furthermore, dispersion stability of the formulated ink was measured using a Turbiscan. By implementing these glass frits, it was found that a continuous and uniform seed layer with a line width of $40{\mu}m$ could be formed by a inkjet printing process. We also investigated the contact resistance between the front contact and emitter using the transfer length model (TLM). On an emitter with the sheet resistance of $60{\Omega}/sq$, a specific contact resistance (${\rho}_c$) below $10m{\Omega}{\cdot}cm^2$ could be achieved at a peak firing temperature around $700^{\circ}C$. In addition, the correlation between the contact resistance and interface microstructures were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We found that the added glass particles act as a very effective fire through agent, and Ag crystallites are formed along the interface glass layer.