• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.68-77
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• 2014

때죽나무(Styrax japonica) 수피 메탄올 추출물에서 단리된 화합물은 TLC 및 HPLC, coulmn chromatography 방법을 이용한 실리카겔 chromatography로 분리하였다. FAB-MS, NMR 분석을 통해 화합물의 구조를 구명한 결과 분자식은 $C_{27}H_{34}O_{11}Na$이고 화합물명은 styraxlignolide F로 판명되었다. 인간 정상 신장세포인 HEK293을 이용한 세포독성을 살펴본 결과, 각 추출물은 $1.0mg/m{\ell}$의 농도에서 15.2%의 낮은 세포독성을 나타내었다. AGS와 MCF-7 세포에서의 항암활성은 $CH_2Cl_2$ 가용부가 $1.0mg/m{\ell}$ 농도에서 60% 이상의 억제 활성을 나타내었다. Bcl-2 단백질 정량을 통한 항암 활성 측정 결과, $CH_2Cl_2$ 가용부가 다른 가용부 및 styraxligonlide F 보다 낮은 Bcl-2 발현량을 보였고, p53 발현량 측정에서도 $CH_2Cl_2$ 가용부가 가장 낮은 발현량을 보였다. 인간 폐암세포(A549)를 이용한 자가사멸 측정 실험에서 $CH_2Cl_2$ 가용부는 46.9%로 높은 사멸비율을 나타냈으며, 그다음으로 styraxlignolide F가 43.5%의 사멸비율을 나타내었다. $CH_2Cl_2$ 분획물은 단리물질(styraxlignolide F)보다 항암 활성 효과가 높게 나타났는데 여러 가지 물질이 시너지 효과를 나타낸 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.259-272
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• 1987

This was study carried out to investigate the effect of calcium on spontaneous contraction and electrical activity induced by ethanol in gastric smooth muscle. After peeling off the mucous membrane from the isolated whole stomach of 102 cats, two kinds of small muscle preparations $(2.0{\times}0.2\;cm)$, one longitudinal and the other circular, were excised from the fundus, the corpus and the antrum portion of each whole stomach specimen. The isometric contraction of the small muscle preparation was measured in a cylinder-shaped chamber filled with Krebs-Ringer-dextrose solution (pH 7.4, temperature $36{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$) bubbling with 5% $CO_2$ in $O_2$. A large muscle preparation $(5.0{\times}1.2\;cm)$ was excised from the anterior wall of the corpus-antrum portion of the same specimen in 72 of 102 cats. The gastric electrical activity (slow wave and spike potential) was monopolarly recorded by four capillary electrodes (Ag-AgCl), of which two were placed on the corpus and two on the antrum, in a muscle chamber filled with the same solution as described above. Changes in the amplitude of the contraction, frequency of the gastric slow wave and the production of the spike potential were observed after adding ethanol and/or under the treatments with verapamil, $CaCl_2$ and Ca-free Krebs-Ringer-dextrose solution. The results were as follows: 1) After adding ethanol, the spontaneous phasic contraction of the corpus was reduced dose-dependently (0.125-2.0%), which was totally abolished by higher concentrations (2.0-8.0%) of ethanol. 2) The corporal phasic contraction was also completely abolished by verapamil $(3{\times}10^{-5}\;M)$ or Ca-free Krebs-Ringer-dextrose solution. The contraction was increased by $CaCl_2\;(1.8{\times}10^{-3}\;M)$, but the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the contraction persisted even under the treatment with $CaCl_2$. 3) At higher concentrations, ethanol caused tonic contraction of both preparations from the fundus, the corpus and the antrum in a dose-dependent manner. The tonic contraction of the fundus produced by ethanol was not influenced by $CaCl_2$ or verapamil, whereas the tonic contraction was not produced by ethanol in tile Ca-free solution. 4) Frequency of gastric slow wave was decreased dose-dependently by the addition of ethanol (0.25-1.0%), and tile slow wave was not produced by higher concentration of ethanol (2.0%). 5) The frequency of slow wave was significantly reduced by verapamil only and the inhibitory influence of ethanol on the slow wave frequency was reinforced by verapamil. 6) The treatment of $CaCl_2$ increased significantly the slow wave frequency, and attenuated the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the frequency. It is therefore suggested that ethanol regulates the phasic contraction and the production of slow wave by interfering with the transport of calcium in the stomach muscle of the cat.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

남서태평양 Manus Basin은 인도-호주판과 태평양판이 충돌하여 형성된 배호분지로 열수분출작용이 활발하며, 석영 안산암 및 현무암질 안산암 계열의 산성 화산암류를 기반암으로 발달한 열 수분출구 등 열수광체가 산재되어 있다. 열수분출구는 주로 황철석, 황동석, 백철석, 섬아연석, 방연석 등의 광석광불과 이에 수반되는 경석고, 중정석, 비정질 규소 등으로 구성되어 있으며, 황동석이 괴상으로 다량 산출되는 Cu-rich chimney와 섬아연석이 괴상으로 다량 산출되는 Zn-rich chimney로 대분된다. 열수분출구글 구성하는 금속원소들의 전체적인 상관관계에Ai Zn은 Sb, Cd, Ag, 등과 그리고 Cu는 Mo, Mn, Co 등과 좋은 정의 상관관계가 인지된다. 또한, 열수분출구에 따라 Zn-rich chimney에서는 Au가 Zn과 대단히 높은 정의 상관관계를 보여주며 Cd, Mn, Sb 등이 부화되어 있는 반면에, Cu-rich chimney에서는 Au가 Zn 및 Pb와 좋은 정의 상관관계를 보여주며 Mo, Co 등이 부화되어 있는 특성을 보여준다. 연구지역 Cu-rich chimney 및 Zn-rich chimney의 Au 평균품위는 각각 15.9 ppm 및 29.0 ppm이며, Ag, Cu, Zn 등 유용금속도 상당량 부화되어 있어 경제성이 높은 것으로 평가된다. Zn-rich chimney에 산출하는 경석고 및 비정질규소의 유체포유물 균일화 온도 및 염농도는 174~22$0^{\circ}C$ 및 2.7~3.6 equiv, wt.% NaCl로. 섬아연석 등 광석광물의 주 광화 작용이 약 20$0^{\circ}C$를 전후한 범위에서 진행되었으며, 이때 산소분압은 $10^{40.8}$bar이하에서 $10^{39.5}$이상으로 황분압은 $10^{14.7}$bar이하에서 $10^{13.4}$이상으로 각각 증가 전이되는 것으로 추론된다. 한편, Cu-rich chimney는 Zn-rich chimney의 주 광화온도조건보다 높은 온도에서 광화작용이 진행되었을 것으로 판단된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.221-235
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• 1989

고령(高靈)-왜관(倭館) 지역 금(金)-은(銀) 광상(鑛床)은 백악기(白堊紀) 신동층군(新洞層群) 내(內)에 발달하는 열하을 충전(充塡), 3회에 거쳐 생성(生成)된 석영(石英) 및 방해석맥(方解石脈)으로 구성된다. 광화작용(鑛化作用)의 시기(時期)는 후기(後期) 백악기(白堊紀)(98 Ma) 이며, 성인적으로 암주상(岩株狀) 흑운모(黑雲母) 화강암(花崗岩)의 매입(買入) 고결작용(固結作用)과 관련된 것으로 고려된다. 유체포유물(流體包有物) 및 안정동위원소(安定同位元素) 연구(硏究)에 의하면, 금(金)-은(銀)의 침전은 1.7~8.7wt.% NaCl 상당(相當) 감농도(監農度)를 갖는 광화유체(鑛化流體)로부터 $280^{\circ}C$에서 $230^{\circ}C$에 걸쳐 진행되었으며, 광화(鑛化) 작용시(作用時)의 압력(壓力)은 <100bar, (심도(深度))는 425~1,150m였다. 유황(硫黃) 안정동위원소(安定同位元素) 연구(硏究)의 결과, 주광화시기(主鑛化時期)인 광화(鑛化)I기(期)중 광화유체(鑛化流體)의 ${\delta}^{34}S_{H_2S}$ 값이 초기(初期) +1.4‰에서 후기(後期) -2.5‰로 점차 감소함은 광화유체(鑛化流體)의 비등(沸騰)에 수반되어 수소(水素)이온농도(濃度)와 산소분압(酸素分壓)이 점진적으로 증가한 결과로 해석된다. 광화유체(鑛化流體)의 수소(水素) 및 산소(酸素) 동위원소(同位元素)값(${\delta}D$ = -90~-100‰${\delta}^{18}O$ = 3.9~-11.4‰)으로부터 열수계(熱水系)에서 천수(天水)가 지배적인 역할을 하였음을 알 수 있으며, 비등(沸騰)하는 유체(流體)가 동위원소(同位元素) 교환반응(交換反應)이 적게 일어난 천수(天水)와 혼합(混合)되면서 냉각(冷却) 및 희석(稀釋)된 결과로 금(金)-은(銀)의 심전(沈澱)이 야기된 것으로 사료된다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-33
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to analyze the in vitro and in vivo corrosion products of low and high copper amalgams. The four different types of amalgam alloy used in this study were Fine cut, Caulk spherical, Dispersalloy, and Tytin. After each amalgam alloy and Hg were triturated according to the directions of the manufacturer by means of the mechanical amalgamator(Amalgam mixer. Shinhung Co. Korea), the triturated mass was inserted into a cylindrical metal mold which was 12mm in diameter and 10mm in height. The mass was condensed by 150Kg/cm compressive force. The specimen was removed from the mold and aged at room temperature for about seven days. The standard surface preparation was routinely carried out by emery paper polishing under running water. In vitro amalgam specimens were potentiostatically polarized ten times in a normal saline solution at $37^{\circ}C$(potentiostat : HA-301. Hukuto Denko Corp. Japan). Each specimen was subjected to anodic polarization scan within the potential range -1700mV to+400mV(SCE). After corrosion tests, anodic polarization curves and corrosion potentials were obtained. The amount of component elements dissolved from amalgams into solution was measured three times by ICP AES(Inductive Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Plasma 40. Perkim Elmer Co. U.S.A.). The four different types of amalgam were filled in occlusal and buccal class I cavities of four human 3rd molars. After about five years the restorations were carefully removed after tooth extraction to preserve the structural details including the deteriorated margins. The occlusal surface, amalgam-tooth interface and the fractured surface of in vivo amalgam corrosion products were analyzed. In vivo and in vitro amalgam specimens were examined and analyzed metallographically by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope: JSM 840. Jeol Co. Japan) and EDAX(Energy Dispersive Micro X-ray Analyser: JSM 840. Jeol Co. Japan). 1. The following results are obtained from in vitro corrosion tests. 1) Corrosion potentials of all amalgams became more noble after ten times passing through the in vitro corrosion test compared to first time. 2) After times through the test, released Cu concentration in saline solution was almost equal but highest in Fine cut. Ag and Hg ion concentration was highest in Caulk spherical and Sn was highest in Dispersalloy. 3) Analyses of surface corrosion products in vitro reveal the following results. a)The corroded surface of Caulk spherical has Na-Sn-Cl containing clusters of $5{\mu}m$ needle-like crystals and oval shapes of Sn-Cl phase, polyhedral Sn oxide phase. b)In Fine cut, there appeared to be a large Sn containing phase, surrounded by many Cu-Sn phases of $1{\mu}m$ granular shapes. c)Dispersalloy was covered by a thick reticular layer which contained Zn-Cl phase. d)In Tytin, a very thin, corroded layer had formed with irregularly growing Sn-Cl phases that looked like a stack of plates. 2. The following results are obtained by an analysis of in vivo amalgam corrosion products. 1) Occlusal surfaces of all amalgams were covered by thick amorphous layers containing Ca-P elements which were abraded by occlusal force. 2) In tooth-amalgam interface, Ca-P containing products were examined in all amalgams but were most clearly seen in low copper amalgams. 3) Sn oxide appeared as a polyhedral shape in internal space in Caulk spherical and Fine cut. 4) Apical pyramidal shaped Sn oxide and curved plate-like Sn-Cl phases resulted in Dispersalloy. 5) In Tytin, Sn oxide and Sn hydroxide were not seen but polyhedral Ag-Hg phase crystal appeared in internal space which assumed a ${\beta}_l$ phase.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.280-286
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• 2007

The wearable sensor glove was developed using EDA sensors and conducting fabric. EDA(Electro-dermal Activity) signal is an electric response of human skin. There are SIL(Skin Impedance Level) and SIR(Skin Impedance Response) in EDA. SIL consists mostly of a DC component while SIR consists of an AC component. The relationship between drowsiness and the EDA signal is utilized. EDA sensors were made using a conducting fabric instead of AgCl electrodes, for a more suitable, more wearable device. The EDA signal acquisition module was made by connecting the EDA sensor gloves through conductive fabric lines. Also, the EDA signal acquisition module can be connected to a PC that shows the results of the EDA signal processing analysis and gives proper feedback to the user. This system can be used in various applications to detect drowsiness and prevent accidents from drowsiness for automobile drivers.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.119-127
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• 1996

Electrum-sulfide minerals of the Namsan Au-Ag mine were deposited in two stages of quartz and calcite veins that fill fault planes in Mesozoic granitic rocks (230~155 Ma). The K/Ar radiometric dating of hydrothermal sericite indicates that mineralization is early Cretaceous age ($127{\pm}3.0Ma$). Mineralogic, fluid inclusion and sulfur isotopic data show that ore minerals were deposited at temperatures between $340^{\circ}C$ and $200^{\circ}C$ from fluid with salinities of 3 to 6 equiv. wt % NaCl. Evidence of fluid boiling (and $CO_2$ effervescence) indicates a maximum pressures of 100 bars. The formation temperature and $fs_2$, of Au-mineralization from the Namsan mines are mainly $280{\sim}230^{\circ}C$ and $10^{-11}{\sim}10^{-13}$ atm, respectively. Au deposition was likely a result of boiling caused to chemical change (pH, $f_{O2}$, ${\Sigma}_{H_2S{\cdot}{\cdot}}$) of ore-fluids. Sulfur isotope composition of sulfide minerals (${\delta}^{34}S=5.1$ to 8.2‰) are consistent with ${\delta}^{34}S_{{\Sigma}{H2S}}$ value of +6 to +7‰, suggesting an igneous source of sulfur partially mixed with wall-rock sulfur.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.242-250
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• 2001

A Gram-positive bacterium (strain JB-13) that was isolated from soil as a producer of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) [EC 2.4.1.19] was identified as Panibacillus sp. JB-13. This CGTase could catalyze the transglucosylation reaction from soluble starch to L-ascorbic acid (AA). A main product formed by this enzyme with ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ was identified as $2-O-{\alpha}-D-glucopyranosyl{\;}_{L}-ascorbic$ acid (AA-2G) by the HPLC profile and the elemental analysis. CGTase was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Seohadex A-50, and gel chromatography on Sephacryl S-200HR. The molecular weight was determined to be 66,000 by both gel chromatography and SDS-PAGE. The isoelectric point of the purified enzyme was 5.3. The optimum pH and temperature was PH 7.0 and $45^{\circ}C$ respectively. The enzyme was stable in the range of pH 6-9 and at temperatures of $75{\circ}C$ or less in the presence of 15 mM ${CaCl_2}.\;{Hg^2+},\;{Mn^+2},{Ag^+},\;and\;{Cu^2+}$ all strongly inhibited the enzyme's activity.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 1997

Gold mineralization of the Ogkye gold mine was deposited mainly in quartz veins up to 150 cm wide which occupy fissures in Cambrian Pungchon limestone. Ore minerals are relatively simple as follows: pyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, electrum and galena. On the basis of the Ag/Au ratio on ore grades, mode of occurrence and assoicated mineral assemblages, the Ogkye gold deposit can be classified as pyrite-type gold deposit (Group IIB). Fluid inclusion data indicate that ore minerals were deposited between $400^{\circ}$and $230^{\circ}C$ from relatively dilute fluids (0.2 to 7.3 wt.% eq. NaCl) containing $CO_2$. The ore mineralization resulted from a complex history of $CO_2$ effervescence and local concomitant boiling coupled with cooling and dilution of ore fluids. Gold deposition was likely a result of decrease of sulfur activity caused by sulfide deposition and/or $H_2S$ loss accompanying fluid unmixing. Sulfur isotope compositions of sulfide minerals (${\delta}^{34}S=3.5{\sim}5.9$‰) are consistent with ${\delta}^{34}S_{H_2S}$ value of 4.8 to 6.1‰, suggesting mainly an igneous source of sulfur partially mixed with wall-rock sulfur.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.839-846
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• 1999

An extracellular chitinase-producing bacterial strain induced by colloidal chitin was isolated from sea sand and was identified to be a member of the genus Cytophaga. The chitinase was purified successively by 30-60% ammonium sulfate fractionation, and DEAE-Bio gel A column, Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B column, and DEAE-Bio gel A column chromatographies. The enzyme had a molecular mass of 59.75 kDa, and the amino terminal amino acid sequence was ATPNAPVISW MPTDXXLQNXS. The enzyme acted better on colloidal chitin as a substrate than on chitosan. For colloidal chitin and chitosan (Degree of Acetylation, 15-25%), $K_{cat}$ values were 0.60U/mg and 0.08U/mg, respectively. HPLC analysis of the enzymatic reaction products showed that the chitinase produced mostly N-acetyl-D-glucosarnine and di-N-acetylchitobiose. The optimum temperature and pH for the enzyme were $50^{\circ}C$ and 4.0, respectively. N-Bromosuccinimide and $Hg^{2+}$ inhibited the chitinase activity as much as 90%, and $Sb^{3+}$, diethylpyrocarbonate, and $Ag^{+}$ inhibited it by 50-70%.