• 제목/요약/키워드: Aflatoxin

검색결과 483건 처리시간 0.028초

Incidence and Level of Aflatoxins Contamination in Medicinal Plants in Korea

  • Lee, Sung Deuk;Yu, In Sil;Jung, Kweon;Kim, Yeon Sun
    • Mycobiology
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    • 제42권4호
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    • pp.339-345
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    • 2014
  • During 2011~2013, a total of 729 samples for 19 types of medicinal plant were collected from Seoulyekryungsi in Seoul, Korea, and investigated for the presence of aflatoxins. The samples were analyzed using immunoaffinity column cleanup and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a fluorescence detector after post-column derivatization. Aflatoxins were found in 124 out of the 729 analyzed samples: 65 containing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 24 with aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), 15 with aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and 20 samples with aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). The ranges for positive samples were $0.1{\sim}404.7{\mu}g/kg$ for AFB1, $0.1{\sim}10.0{\mu}g/kg$ for AFB2, $0.1{\sim}635.3{\mu}g/kg$ for AFG1, $0.1{\sim}182.5{\mu}g/kg$ for AFG2, and $0.1{\sim}1,043.9{\mu}g/kg$ for total aflatoxins. Most of the medicinal plant samples (721, 98.9%) were below legal limits, but 8 samples exceeded the legal limits of 10 and $15{\mu}g/kg$ established by the Korean standard for AFB1 and total aflatoxins (the sum of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2), respectively.

효소면역측정법에 의한 우유중의 Aflatoxin M$_{1}$ 분석

  • 손동화;임선희;이인원
    • 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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    • 제24권5호
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    • pp.630-635
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    • 1996
  • For a survey of the occurrence of aflatoxin M$_{1}$ (AFM$_{1}$) in domestic cow's milk, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system, and quantitated the toxin in cow's milk. In order to produce specific antibodies AFM, conjugated to bovine serum albumin (AFM$_{1}$-BSA) and Freund's adjuvant were immunized subcutaneously to rabbits. By use of the antiserum showing the highest titer and AFB$_{1}$-HRP conjugate, we established a competitive direct ELISA (cdELISA) for AFM$_{1}$, whose detection limit was 0.003 ppb. The cross-reactivities of the antiserum against aflatoxin M$_{1}$ M$_{2}$, B$_{1}$, B$_{2}$, G$_{1}$, G$_{2}$, B$_{2a}$, and G$_{2a}$, were 100, 29.9, 25.0, 2.7, 13.0, 0.65, 0, and 0%, respectively. When the cdELISA was applied to the cow's milk spiked with AFM$_{1}$ and followed by cleanup with C$_{18}$ cartridge, the mean recovery of the assay was 104% (mean of CV, 6.4%) in the final concentration of 0.01-1 ppb (10-1, 000 ppt). When cow's milk samples gathered from markets and farms were assayed by the cdELISA, the mean concentration and SD of AFM$_{1}$ was 80.4 $\pm$ 55.0 ppt (n=64; range, 5.6-280 ppt).

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Detection of Foodborne Pathogens and Analysis of Aflatoxin Levels in Home-made Doenjang Samples

  • Kim, Myung-Hee;Kim, Yo-Sep
    • Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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    • 제17권2호
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    • pp.172-176
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    • 2012
  • Doenjang is a traditional Korean fermented soybean product that provides a major source of protein. In this study, a total of 18 different home-made doenjang samples were examined for the presence of foodborne pathogens and the total aflatoxin levels. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess microbial quality and potential public health risk, we showed that total coliform levels in the doenjang samples ranged from 0 to $4.43{\pm}2.32{\times}10^6\;CFU/g$, and the maximum limit of Bacillus cereus was $4.67{\pm}2.0{\times}10^5\;CFU/g$. However, other foodborne pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp., were not detected among the tested samples. One of the samples (S3) showed a maximum limit of $42.2{\pm}9.1\;{\mu}g/kg$ for aflatoxin levels, which was above the safety limit allowed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) regulatory agency. Further research is necessary to determine whether and how doenjang safety can be improved via elimination/reduction of microbial contamination during fermentation and storage or using microbial starter cultures for its fermentation.

Cyclopiazonic acid 및 aflatoxin B1이 토끼의 혈소판 응집 및 ATP 방출에 미치는 영향 (Effects of cyclopiazonic acid and aflatoxin B1 on rabbit platelet aggregation and ATP release)

  • 홍충만;조명행
    • 대한수의학회지
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    • 제36권4호
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    • pp.887-894
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    • 1996
  • Cyclopiazonic acid(CPA) known as stimulating the release of intracellular calcium, aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ causing gastrointestinal hemorrhage frequently were used as model toxic mycotoxins in these studies. First of all, the effects of various mycotoxins on the platelet aggregation response were determined. The effects of mycotoxins on the ATP release from platelet by aggregating factors were investigated. The results and conclusions obtained from these studies are : 1) CPA promoted ADP, collagen, thrombin, A.A. and PAF-induced rabbit platelet aggregation. $AFB_1$ inhibited collagen, A.A. and PAF-induced rabbit platelet aggregation only. 2) CPA increased both aggregation and disaggregation time, whereas $AFB_1$ decreased in a dose dependent manner. 3) CPA increased ADP, thrombin, A.A. and PAF-induced ATP release. $AFB_1$ increased A.A.-induced ATP release and decreased PAF-induced release in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, CPA promoted platelet aggregation by the increase of ATP. Antiaggregating effects of AFB1 may be due to decreases of ATP. These data provide the basis for the future study of roles of ATP release in platelet aggregation.

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Characterization of Nonaflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus/oryzae Strains Isolated from Korean Traditional Soybean Meju

  • Sang-Cheol Jun;Yu-Kyung Kim;Kap-Hoon Han
    • Mycobiology
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    • 제50권6호
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    • pp.408-419
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    • 2022
  • Filamentous fungi that could be classified into Aspergillus flavus/oryzae were isolated from traditionally fermented meju commercially available in Korea. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A contamination by HPLC; however, no toxin was detected. In addition, fungal and bacterial metagenomic sequencing were performed to analyze the microbial distribution in the samples. The results revealed that the distribution and abundance of fungi and bacteria differed considerably depending on the production regions and fermentation conditions of the meju samples. Through morphological analysis, ITS region sequencing, and assessment of the aflatoxin-producing ability, a total of 32 A. flavus/oryzae strains were identified. PCR analysis of six regions with a high mutation frequency in the aflatoxin gene cluster (AGC) revealed a total of six types of AGC breaking point patterns. The A. flavus/oryzae strains did not exhibit the high amylase activity detected in the commercial yellow koji strain (starter mold). However, their peptidase and lipase activities were generally higher than that of the koji isolates. We verified the safety of the traditionally fermented meju samples by analyzing the AGC breaking point pattern and the enzyme activities of A. flavus/oryzae strains isolated from the samples. The isolated strains could possibly be used as starter molds for soybean fermentation.

Occurrence of Mycotoxins and Toxigenic Fungi in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds in Andhra Pradesh, India

  • Kishore, G.Krishna;Pande, S.;Manjula, K.;Rao, J.Narayana;Thomas, D.
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • 제18권4호
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    • pp.204-209
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    • 2002
  • Andhra Pradesh is one of the major groundnut growing states in India. A total of 182 groundnut samples collected at harvesting from farmers fields in five districts, namely; Anantapur, Chittoor, Cuddapah, Kurnool, and Mahaboobnagar, during 1999 and 2000 rainy seasons were evaluated for the presence of mycotoxins (both aflatoxins and zearalenone) and toxigenic fungi. In samples collected from each district, average seed infection by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium spp. was 11.9-18.3% and 5.6-12.8% in 1999, and 9.5-14.1% and 9.4-11.9% in 2000, respectively. Among the samples collected, 20.3% and 16.5% were contaminated with aflatoxin in 1999 and 2000, respectively, and in 11.4% and 8.7% of the seed samples collected in two seasons, the aflatoxin content was >30 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. An alarming aflatoxin content of 851.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg was found in samples collected from Anantapur district during the rainy season in 1999. Zearalenone was not detected in any of the samples collected in 1999, while 2 out of 103 samples collected in 2000 were contaminated with 35.1 and 129.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. Under in vitro cultural conditions, 35.8% of the 173 A. flavus isolates collected from the groundnut samples produced aflatoxins at concentrations of 94.3-1598.6 ng/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ and 3% of the 266 Fusarium spp. isolates produced 98.1-847.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of zearalenone. The results emphasize the need for a more systematic and regular monitoring of pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination.

알로에 베라가 Aspergillus parasiticus의 생육 및 aflatoxin 생성에 미치는 영향 (Effect of Aloe vera on the Growth and Aflatoxin Production of Aspergillus parasiticus)

  • 김종규;이용욱
    • 한국환경보건학회지
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.48-55
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    • 1995
  • This study was performed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Aloe vera on the growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus. Spore suspension of A. parasiticus ATCC 15517 was inoculated on the yeast-extract sucrose broth containing 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 10.0% of chloroform extract of Aloe vera and then incubated at 30$\circ$C for 7 days. Mycelial weight was 160.7 mg/5ml in control group and decreased by the addition of the extract with no significance. The mold caused decrease in pH of the media with and without the extract. pH in the group contained 10.0% of the extract showed significantly higher value of 5.10 than that of 4.90 in control group (p<0.05). Fluorescence spots of four aflatoxins were observed under the 365 nm of UV light after extraction of the media and TLC. In the result of separation and determination by HPLC, the aflatoxins were produced in the order of $B_1, G_1, B_2$ and $G_2$ in all groups. Production of aflatoxins $B_1, B_2$ and $G_1$ was reduced by the addition of the extract and decreased as amount of the extract increased. The production of aflatoxins $B_1$ and $B_2$ significantly reduced when the media contained more than 1.0% of the extract, and $G_1$ more than 0.5%, respectively(p<0.05). No reduction and no significant difference among groups were observed in case of aflatoxin $G_2$. With the above result, the extract of Aloe vera reduced the production of aflatoxin by A. parasiticus though it did not inhibit mycelial growth.

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콩과 식물에서 추출한 사포닌의 돌연변이원성 억제효과 (Desmutagenic Effect of Legumes and Plants Crude Saponins in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98)

  • 류병호;이병호;하미숙;김동석;신동분;남기두
    • 한국식품과학회지
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    • 제18권5호
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    • pp.345-350
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    • 1986
  • 4종과 콩과 6종의 식물에서 추출한 사포닌을 methyl-5H-pyrido[4, 3-b] indole(T-p-2), 3-amino-1-methyli-midazo[4, 5-f] guinoline(MeIQ) 및 Aflatoxin $B_1$을 이용하여 Salmonella typhimurium TA 98로서 돌연변원성 억제효과를 검토하였다. 콩과 팥의 사포닌(2.0 mg/plate)은 aflatoxin $B_1$에 좋은 효과를 나타내었고 6종의 식물의 사포닌을 대부분 돌연변이원성 억제효과가 우수하였다. 식물에서 추출한 사포닌 중 토란, 우엉 그리고 인삼사포닌은($1.0{\sim}2.0\;mg/plate$)은 MeIQ에 현저한 효과를 나타내었고, 특히 인삼과 칡의 사포닌은 우수한 돌연변이원성 억제효과를 나타내었다. Aflatoxin $B_1$에 대한 돌연변이원성 억제효과는 더덕을 제외한 식물성 사포닌은 좋은 효과를 나타내었다.

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식약공용한약재의 아플라톡신 오염실태 조사 (A Survey of Aflatoxin Contamination in Medicinal Herbs for Food and Medicine)

  • 조성애;이성득;김동규;이현경;정선옥;김경식;유인실;정권
    • 생약학회지
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    • 제45권2호
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    • pp.154-160
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    • 2014
  • The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and contamination levels of aflatoxin in Medicinal Herbs for Food and Medicine at Yakyeang market in seoul. 191 Samples 11 items medicinal herbs for food and medicine were evaluated for the aflatoxin contamination. in result 41 samples 10 items (21.5%) were detected in the alfatoxin, a high incidence of aflatoxins items are cassiae semen (50.0%), testudinis plastrum (43.8%) and Batryticatus Bombyx (40.0%), Polygalae Radix (31.2%), Zizyphi Semen (23.5%), Dolichoris Semen, Myristicae Semen (20.0%), Nelumbinis Semen (15.8%), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma (7.4%), Hoveniae Semen Cum Fructus (4.3%). AFB1 were detected 27 cases (14.1%), AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 were detected 18cases (9.4%), 16cases (8.4%) and 5cases (2.6%). The excess cancer risk estimated using the cancer potency of aflatoxin B1 (7(mg/kg/day)-1 for HBsAg-and 230(mg/kg/day)-1 HBsAg+) was N.D ~ $3.79{\times}10^{-6}$ for hepatits B surface antigen negative (HBsAg-) and N.D ~ $9.68{\times}10^{-5}$ hepatits B surface antigen positive (HBsAg+) respectively.

Aflatoxin $B_1$의 검출을 위한 효소면역측정법의 개발 (Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Iletection of Aflatoxin $B_1$)

  • 손동화;박애란;서병철;김진철;이인원;남영중;허우덕
    • 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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    • 제20권2호
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    • pp.225-232
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    • 1992
  • 효소면역측정법에 의한 aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$의 정량법을 개발하기 위하여, 항체를 생산.정제하여 분석법을 확립하고 직접법과 간접법(direct/indirect competitive ELISA)의 특성 및 문제점을 비교. 검토하였다. Bovine serum albumin(BSA)을 carrier protein으로 한 $AFB_1$-1-(O-carboxymethyl)oxime -BSA를 토끼에 면역하여 항$AFB_1$항혈청을 생산하였다. 정량 침강반응에 의하여 항혈청으로부터 항BSA항체를 제거하고 황산암모늄 침전법 및 EDAE-Sephadex A-50 이온교환 크로마토그래피를 통하여 순도 높은 IgG항체를 정제하여 항$AFB_1$항체를 사용하였다.

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