• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2017

This study examined how early bilingual children produce sounds in their two languages articulated with the same manner of articulation but at different places of articulation. English affricates are palato-alveolar and Korean affricates are alveolar. This study analyzed the frequencies of center of gravity (COG), spectral peak (SP), and the second formant (F2) of word-initial affricates in English and Korean produced by twenty-four early Korean-English bilingual children (aged 4 to 7), and compared them with those of monolingual counterparts in the two languages. If early Korean-English bilingual children produce palato-alveolar affricates in English and alveolar affricates in Korean, they may produce Korean affricates with higher COGs, SPs, and F2s than English affricates. The early Korean-English bilingual children at the age of 4 produced English and Korean affricates with similar COGs, SPs, and F2s, and the COGs, SPs, and F2s of their Korean affricates were similar to those of the Korean monolingual counterparts. However, the early bilingual children at the age of 5 to 7 had lower COGs and SPs for English affricates with higher F2s compared to Korean affricates, and the COGs, SPs, and F2s of their English affricates were similar to those of the English monolingual counterparts.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.6
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• pp.145-161
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• 1999

21 normal Korean native speakers participated as subjects to investigate the acoustic and aerodynamic study of Korean fricatives and affricates and to make good use of the results for the patients with articulation problems. Their productions of [sa], [s'a], [ca], [$c^{h}a$], [c'a], [asa], [as'a], [aca], [$ac^{h}a$], and [ac'a] were analyzed with CSL and AP II instruments. The results are as followings: (1) Fricatives showed higher frequency in minimum and maximum frequency and longer duration than affricates. (2) Fricatives showed higher peak flow rate and longer rise time than affricates. (3) When we compared the different phonemes with each other, their differences were usually statistically significant, but when we compared CV and VCV syllables, they did not show significant difference, even VCV's showed higher and longer values than CV syllables. (4) Normaly, lax fricatives and affricates showed lower frequency and higher peak flow rate, shorter frication duration, and longer rise time.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.51-57
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• 2017

The current study compared the acoustic features of the two phonation types for Korean fricatives (plain: /s/, fortis : /s'/) and the three types for affricates (aspirated : /$ts^h$/, lenis : /ts/, and fortis : /ts'/) in order to determine the phonetic status of the plain fricative /s/. Considering the different manners of articulation between fricatives and affricates, we examined four acoustic parameters (rise time, intensity, fundamental frequency, and Cepstral Peak Prominence (CPP) values) of the 20 Korean native speakers' productions. The results showed that unlike Korean affricates, F0 cannot distinguish two fricatives, and voice quality (CPP values) only distinguishes phonation types of Korean fricatives and affricates by grouping non-fortis sibilants together. Therefore, based on the similarity found in /$ts^h$/ and /ts/ and the idiosyncratic pattern found in /s/, this research concludes that non-fortis fricative /s/ cannot be categorized as belonging to either phonation type.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.57-62
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• 2003

Using EPG, the stop and fricative portions of the Korean and English afficates were examined to find out whether the stop and fricative portions of Korean affricates are the same as those of English ones in articulation, as generally assumed in the literature. The English affricate in the word 'choose' is classified as alveopalatal just like the Korean affricate in the word 'cam'. The results of the EPG data showed that Korean affricates were not articulated the same as those in English, especially in the stop portion. In English, the stop portion of 'choose' was quite similar to /t/ as 'tooth', but in Korean, the stop portion of 'cam' was somewhat different from /t/ in 'tam'. More specifically, the stop portion of /t/ in 'tam' was articulated with the contact at the upper teeth and the alveolar ridge, but the stop portion of /t/ in 'cam' was articulated with the contact in the alveopalatal region. This shifting in the place of articulation of the stop portions of the Korean affricate (from dental and alveolar to alveopalatal) can be explained. Unlike English affricates, the stop portions of Korean affricates and the fricative portions of Korean affricates are co-articulated at the same place of articulation.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.3
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• pp.93-108
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• 1998

This paper attempts to acoustically examine the place of articulation of Korean affricates. In order to pursue an acoustic analysis of where Korean affricates are articulated, we resort to LPC spectra of the Korean plain affricate /c/ in intervocalic position, based on theoretical assumptions (e.g., Stevens 1993a), and compare the data to that of the Korean alveolar consonants /t, s/ in the same context. Our phonetic results show that in intervocalic position, the Korean plain affricate is alveolar just like the Korean alveolar consonants /t, s/, supporting the articulatory studies of $Skali{\check{c}}kov{\acute{a}}$ (1960) and Kim (1997).

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.247-250
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• 2007

The affricates of the Korean were alveolar sounds in the 15th century. Alveolar sounds have changed to post-alveolar or alveo-palatal sounds since the 18th century, at least in Southern Korean. These days, the advanced articulation of the affricates are observed, especially in the speech of young generations. The aim of this paper is to show the differences of the affricates when they are pronounced in alveo-palatal and in a more advanced position than in alveo-palatal by their cut-off frequencies. We have recorded speeches of freshmen(in their early twenties) at Seoul National University. The result was that the cut-off frequency of the advanced articulation in auditory observations was higher than that of the others. We have found in particular, that women have tendency to advance their place of articulation of the affricates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.152-157
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : 10 normal Korean native speakers participated subjects to investigate the acoustic and aerodynamic study of Korean fricatives, affricates, and plosives and to make good use of the results for the patients with articulation problems. Materials and Method Their productions of [asa], [as'a], [aca], $[ac^ha]$, (ac'a), (ata) , $[at^ha]$, and [at'a] were analyzed with Lx Speech Studio Program (Laryngogrtaph Ltd, UK) for acoustic analysis and Phonatory Function Analyze. (Nagashima Ltd. Model PS 77H, Tokyo, Japan) for aerodynamic analysis. Results : The results are as follows : 1) Plosives showed higher Qx1 in vocal folds closure ratio than fricatives and affricates. 2) Tense fricatives, affricates, and plosives showed higher Qx2 in vocal folds closure ratio than asperated and 1ax. 3) Asperated showed higher Qx1 in vocal folds closure ratio than tense and 1ax. 4) Asperated showed higer peak flow rate than tense and 1ax. Conclusion This results may be helpful for treatment in articulation disorders.

• MALSORI
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• no.49
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• pp.31-50
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• 2004

This study investigates spectral characteristics of frication noise in Korean sibilants in terms of center of gravity and skewness. Specifically, the present study seeks to observe the two parameters with emphasis on place of articulation in different vowel environments. This study also examines whether these parameters can discriminate phonation types. The results showed that the fricatives are palatalized in front of the front vowel /i/ and the affricates are articulated at the same place of articulation regardless of the following vowels. This study also suggests that the place of articulation of the fricatives followed by /i/ is the same as those of the Korean affricates. With regard to the phonation type, there was a significant difference in the center of gravity between lax and tense series for both fricatives and affricates.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 2015

The current study explores whether speaker variability in the fronted articulations of Seoul Korean affricates can be explained by cognitive differences measured by individual autistic traits. The goal was to explore Yu's (2010; 2013) proposal that individual differences in cognitive style can be an important factor in speakers' use of sound variants. The spectral peak frequencies (SPF) of affricates relative to those of fricatives, reported in Kong et al. (2014), were used to acoustically represent the relative degree of anterior place of constriction. When these individual SPFs were related to the scores of Autistic-Spectrum Quotients (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a correlation was found for the male speakers, but not for the female speakers, such that speakers of more anterior affricate productions scored low in AQs. Discussion is made with respect to how these findings are in line with Yu's proposal.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.45-55
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• 2021

This study aims to analyze the acoustic characteristics of Korean affricates produced by dysarthric speakers with cerebral palsy. Korean fricatives and affricates are the consonants that are prone to errors in dysarthric speech, but previous studies have focused only on fricatives. For this study, three affricates /tɕ, tɕ^h, ͈tɕ/ appearing at word initial and intervocalic positions produced by six mild-moderate male speakers of spastic dysarthria are selected from a QOLT database constructed in 2014. The parameters representing the acoustic characteristics of Korean affricates were extracted by using Praat: frication duration, closure duration, center of gravity, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and central moment. The results are as follows: 1) frication duration of the intervocalic affricates produced by dysarthric speakers was significantly longer than that of the non-disordered speakers; 2) the closure duration of dysarthric speakers was significantly longer; 3) in the case of the center of gravity, there was no significant difference between the two groups; 4) the skewness of the dysarthric speakers was significantly larger; and 5) the central moment of dysarthric speakers was significantly larger. This study investigated the characteristics of the affricates produced by dysarthric speakers and differences with non-disordered speakers.