• 생물정신의학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2002

Objectives:Abnormalities in the frontal lobe have been consistently suggested in the pathophysiology of depression. The purpose of this review is to discuss the relationship between the frontal lobe and depression. Methods:Recent researches on the frontal lobe in depression were reviewed and abnormalities in this region were considered within the context of modern functional neuroanatomy. Results:This paper reviewed evidence strongly implicating the frontal lobe as a key brain structure in depression. Conclusion:Taken together, these abnormalities in the function of the frontal lobe implicate interconnected neural circuits in depression and offer suggestions for the themes of future research and treatment. Further research is needed to investigate the association between emotion and the brain in the paradigm of "affective neuroscience".

• 생물정신의학
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1999

At the beginning, researches on the biology of depression or affective illness have focused mainly on the receptor functions and neuroendocrine activities. And the studies of the past years did not break new theoretical background, but the recent advances in the research on the molecular mechanisms underlying neural communication and signal transduction do add some insights to many established ideas. This article will overview some of the more recent advances in the clinical researches of depression. Our major concerns to be presented here include the followings : (1) alterations in the post-synaptic neural transduction ; (2) changes in the neurons of hypothalamic neuropeptides ; (3) decreased peptidase enzyme activities ; (4) associations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis abnormalities with serotonin neurotransmission ; (5) role of serotonin transporter ; (6) changes in the responsiveness of intracellular calcium ion levels ; (7) the inositol deficiency theory of lithium and depression ; (8) the transcription factors including immediate early genes ; (9) recent genetic studies in some families. This brief overview will suggest that changes in DNA occur during antidepressant therapy. These changes at the DNA level initiating a cascade of events underlying antidepressant modality will give us the insights on the molecular biological basis of the pathogenesis of depression and cues for a new class of antidepressants.

• 한국인지과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국인지과학회 2006년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.53-58
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• 2006

We examined the cerebral activation of the emotional and linguistic attributes during the visual word recognition. This research investigated the affective priming effect preserving the behavioral paradigm. We used the primed-evaluation task in which the participants classify the target as positive or negative, and manipulated the emtional attributes by emtional relations of the prime-target word pairs(PP, PN, NP, NN). ROIs analyses for the semantic processing and emotional processing were performed. The results showed that the semantic processing areas including the IPL, SMG, and aSTS were activated differently according to the experimental condition. The activations of the IPL were increased only on the NN condition, whereas the activation of the SMG was decreased only on the PP condition. Furthmore, the activation of the emotional processing areas including the mPFC and ACC, was different according to the emotional realtions of word pairs. Similar to the SMG, the BOLD signal of the mPFC was decreaed only on the PP condition, whereas the activation of ACC was Increased only on the NN condition. These results were seemed to show the interact ive cerebral activations for processing the emtoional and linguistic attributes in a word, during visual word recognition.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2018

목 적 : 본 연구의 목적은 한국인에게 적합한 사회적 정서를 유발하는 자극(한국형 사회적 정서 유발 시각 자극, Korean Social Affective Visual Stimuli, K-SAVS)을 개발하는 것이다. 방 법 : K-SAVS는 극동 아시아인이 등장하는 사회적 상황의 사진들로 구성되었다. 각 사진은 부정적 정서 자극, 긍정적 정서 자극, 혹은 중립 자극으로 구성하였다. 24명의 피험자에게 긍정적 자극과 부정적 자극을 보여주고 정서가 및 각성수준에 대한 자가 평가 마네킹 척도를 작성하게 한 후, 다른 24명의 피험자들에게 부정적 자극과 중립 자극을 보여주고 같은 척도를 작성하게 하였다. 결 과 : 1차 실험에서 95개의 자극 사진 중 긍정적 정서자극 사진 1개 세트, 부정적 정서 자극 사진 2개 세트를 선정하였다. 각 세트는 18개의 사진으로 이루어졌다. 긍정적 정서 자극은 부정적 정사 자극 사진에 비해 호감도는 높았으며 (p < 0.001) 흥분도는 낮았다(p < 0.001). 2차 실험에서는 1차 선정된 사진들과 중립 자극 사진을 포함하여 79개의 사진 중 중립 자극 사진 1개 세트를 선정하였다. 중립 자극은 호감도는 높았으며(p < 0.001) 흥분도는 낮았다(p < 0.001). 결 론 : K-SAVS는 한국인에게 특정한 사회적 정서를 유발하는데 유용하게 사용할 수 있는 시각 자극이라 할 수 있다.

• 감성과학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2014

In recent years, advancing technology and growing interest in neuromarketing and neurobranding have led to foundational research that facilitates a better understanding of consumers' affective responses and unconscious information processing. However, the areas of aesthetics and design have remained largely unaffected by such advances and implications. The purpose of this study is to present a systematic review of the neuroscientific evidence aimed at sensible design for design and marketing researchers interested in exploring neuroaesthetics, an interdisciplinary area by nature. Sciencedirect, EBSCO, and the Google Scholar database were searched in February 2014 to select and review previous studies of aesthetics involving neuroscience. Twenty-eight studies were reviewed and divided into two categories: reward system and emotion. In addition to discussions on previous approaches, future research directions focusing on the process of aesthetic judgments (e.g., design elements, marketing stimuli) are proposed.

• Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.449-460
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• 2018

Objective: Prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) work has revealed that children/adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) show dysfunctional reward/non-reward processing of non-social reinforcements in the context of instrumental learning tasks. Neural responsiveness to social reinforcements during instrumental learning, despite the importance of this for socialization, has not yet been previously investigated. Methods: Twenty-nine healthy children/adolescents and 19 children/adolescents with DBDs performed the fMRI social/non-social reinforcement learning task. Participants responded to random fractal image stimuli and received social and non-social rewards/non-rewards according to their accuracy. Results: Children/adolescents with DBDs showed significantly reduced responses within the caudate and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) to non-social (financial) rewards and social non-rewards (the distress of others). Connectivity analyses revealed that children/adolescents with DBDs have decreased positive functional connectivity between the ventral striatum (VST) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) seeds and the lateral frontal cortex in response to reward relative to non-reward, irrespective of its sociality. In addition, they showed decreased positive connectivity between the vmPFC seed and the amygdala in response to non-reward relative to reward. Conclusion: These data indicate compromised reinforcement processing of both non-social rewards and social non-rewards in children/adolescents with DBDs within core regions for instrumental learning and reinforcement-based decision-making (caudate and PCC). In addition, children/adolescents with DBDs show dysfunctional interactions between the VST, vmPFC, and lateral frontal cortex in response to rewarded instrumental actions potentially reflecting disruptions in attention to rewarded stimuli.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2011

Mood disorder is unlikely to be a disease of a single brain region or a neurotransmitter system. Rather, it is now generally viewed as a multidimensional disorder that affects many neural pathways. Growing neuroimaging evidence suggests the anterior cingulate-pallidostriatal-thalamic-amygdala circuit as a putative cortico-limbic mood regulating circuit that may be dysfunctional in mood disorders. Brain-imaging techniques have shown increased activation of mood-generating limbic areas and decreased activation of cortical areas in major depressive disorder(MDD). Furthermore, the combination of functional abnormalities in limbic subcortical neural regions implicated in emotion processing together with functional abnormalities of prefrontal cortical neural regions probably result in the emotional lability and impaired ability to regulate emotion in bipolar disorder. Here we review the biological correlates of MDD and bipolar disorder as evidenced by neuroimaging paradigms, and interpret these data from the perspective of endophenotype. Despite possible limitations, we believe that the integration of neuroimaging research findings will significantly advance our understanding of affective neuroscience and provide novel insights into mood disorders.

• 윤리연구
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• 제82호
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• pp.73-125
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• 2011

신경과학 연구에서 첨단 영상기술의 도입은 사변적 논의에 머물었던 철학적 개념이나 주장에 대해서 사실적 토대에 접근할 수 있는 계기를 제공했다. 윤리학과 도덕 심리학계의 일부 학자들 사이에는 도덕 판단의 근거를 fMRI와 같은 기법을 활용하여 신경 과정 현상에서 규명하려는 움직임이 일고 있다. 조쉬아 그린은, 도덕 판단 일반이 무의식이나 직관에 의해서 이루어진다는 사회적 직관주의의 입장을 개별 도덕이론들에 적용하고자 한다. 그린에 의하면, 의무론은 실제 이성에 의한 결과에 따른 규범적 주장이 아니라 진화에 의해 형성된 도덕적 감정에 의해 유도된 심리적 유형이며, 그러한 감정적 반응을 이성적 추론에 의한 것으로 생각하는 경향은 사후 합리화, 일종의 작화증(作話症)의 발로라고 주장한다. 그린은 더 나아가 의무론 본래의 이론은 규범적 관점에서 타당한 입론을 보장할 수 없으며, 공적 영역에서의 의사결정에 있어서 결과론적 원리가 희망적인 관점이라고 제안한다. 이에, 본 논문은 그린의 논증 과정을 분석하여 재구성하였고, 그린의 논증에는 도덕 판단에 대한 이해, 가설 설정과 검증 자료의 제시와 해석, 그리고 의무론에 대한 조작적 정의와 규범적 평가 등에 있어서 의문점이 제기되고 있음을 밝혔다. 더 나아가 그린의 연구 방법과 결과와 문제점 등이 우리 도덕(과)교육에 시사할 수 있는 바를 정리하였다. 도덕에 관한 과도한 과학주의와 사변적 논의에 대한 경계, 도덕성 본질에 대한 이해 지평의 확대와 신경윤리학과 뇌교육에서 도덕교육의 영역 탐색 등이 언급된다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.22-32
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• 2022

Background: Migraine headaches have been associated with sensory hyperactivity and anomalies in social/emotional responses. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential involvement of orexin 1 receptors (Orx1R) within the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the modulation of pain and psychosocial dysfunction in a nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced rat model of migraine. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were injected with NTG (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) every second day over nine days to induce migraine. The experiments were done in the following six groups (6 rats per group): untreated control, NTG, NTG plus vehicle, and NTG groups that were post-treated with intra-BLA microinjection of Orx1R antagonist SB-334867 (10, 20, and 40 nM). Thermal hyperalgesia was assessed using the hot plate and tail-flick tests. Moreover, the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OF) tests were used to assess anxiety-like behaviors. The animals' sociability was evaluated using the three-chamber social task. The NTG-induced photophobia was assessed using a light-dark box. Results: We observed no change in NTG-induced thermal hyperalgesia following administration of SB-334867 (10, 20, and 40 nM). However, SB-334867 (20 and 40 nM) aggravated the NTG-induced anxiogenic responses in both the EPM and OF tasks. The NTG-induced social impairment was overpowered by SB-334867 at all doses. Time spent in the dark chamber of light-dark box was significantly increased in rats treated with SB-334867 (20 and 40 nM/rat). Conclusions: The findings suggest a role for Orx1R within the BLA in control comorbid affective complaints with migraine in rats.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.2588-2597
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• 2011

우울증이나 불안과 같은 정서적 특성이나 BIS/BAS 같은 행동성향 특성과 관련하여 전전두엽에서 뇌파 비대칭 연구는 주로 알파(${\alpha}$)파를 중심으로 이루어져 왔다. 하지만 알파(${\alpha}$)파 만으로 이러한 특성을 구분하는 것에 대한 한계점이 제기 되면서 베타(${\beta}$)파와 같은 다른 밴드를 중심으로 한 연구의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 만4세 유아 44명을 대상으로 전전두엽에서 뇌파를 측정하여 알파(${\alpha}$)파 비대칭성과 베타(${\beta}$)파 비대칭성을 독립적으로 분리하여 BIS/BAS적 경향성과 비교 분석하였고, 이들 세 가지 특성을 조합하여 유아의 정서와 행동 성향을 8가지로 구분하는 방법을 제시하였다. 연구결과 N의 계수해석으로 BIS적 특성은 베타(${\beta}$)파 비대칭으로, BAS적 특성은 알파(${\alpha}$)파 비대칭 특성으로 판별하는 것이 확률적으로 높은 정확성을 보인다는 것을 발견하였다. 정서적 특성은 기존의 연구 결과와 같이 알파(${\alpha}$)파 비대칭으로 판단하였다. 이것은 뇌 발달 과정에서 만 4세 유아의 시냅스 형성이 좌뇌가 우뇌보다 활발하다는 연구 결과와 일치하는 것으로 판단된다.