• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.37C no.9
• /
• pp.829-840
• /
• 2012

Recently, in network communication environments, it is changing very fast from wired to wireless. The open shortest path firtst (OSPF), one of link state routing protocols, mainly used in wired networks, is the routing method to select optimal traffic path as identifying the link state of neighbor routers. The traditional OSPF cost functions performs with first fixed cost permanently, unless the router link is changed. However, in wireless networks, the performance of links show big difference by other environment factors. The bit error rate (BER), a parameter which can quite affect link state in wireless networks, is not considered in the traditional OSPF cost functions. Only a link bandwidth is considered in the traditional OSPF cost functions. In this paper, we verify the various parameters which can affect link performance, whether it is permissible to use as the parameter of proposed cost functions. To propose new cost functions, we use the effective bandwidth. This bandwidth is calculated by proposed formula using the BER of the network link and link bandwidth. As applied by the proposed triggering condition, the calculated effective bandwidth decrease the unstable of network by generating less link state update messages in wireless networks that frequently changes the link state. Simulation results show that the proposed cost functions significantly outperforms the traditional cost functions in wireless networks in terms of the services of VoIP and data transmission.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.723-738
• /
• 2011

Contamination of agricultural crops by mycotoxins results in significant economic losses for grain producers and, when consumed, it can cause reduced growth and health in a wide range of animal species. Hundreds of mycotoxin producing molds exist, however each has a different frequency and pattern of occurrence, as well as differences in the severity of the diseases (mycotoxicoses) they cause. Among the mycotoxins considered to be major contaminates are aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin, ochratoxin, and zearalenone. Although a multitude of species can be harmed by consumption of these mycotoxins, swine appear to be the most commonly affected commodity species. The swine industry can thus experience great losses due to the presence of mycotoxin contamination in feeds. Subsequently, recognition and prevention of mycotoxicoses is extremely important and dependent on adequate grain sampling and analysis methods pre-harvest, as well as effective strategies post-harvest to reduce consumption by animals. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the major mycotoxin contaminants in grains, to describe methods of analysis and prevention to reduce mycotoxicoses in swine and other animals, and finally to discuss how mycotoxins directly affect swine production.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.409-418
• /
• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of a pre-operation video assisted education program on residual urine, gas passing and state anxiety in women undergoing hysterectomy. Methods: Nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design was used for the study. In the research, video assisted education program was applied to the experimental group while a similar conventional education was done to the control group. The pre-operation state anxiety and post-operation residual urine and gas discharge of both the groups were measured. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The experimental group was significantly higher than control group on gas passing (t=3.04, p=.00). However the residual urine (t=0.34, p=.73) and state anxiety (t=0.81, p=.82) did not make significant differences. Conclusion: This study is very meaningful in that it developed and provided a nursing intervention can positively affect hysterectomy patients. The pre-operation video assisted education program may be an effective nursing intervention that is clinically practical and useful to reduce time of the gas passing of hysterectomy patients after the operation.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.191-198
• /
• 2011

Based on the consideration that the cavitation would affect the operation stability of miniature pumps, the 3-D turbulent cavitating flow in a test pump was simulated by using a mixed cavitation model and k-${\omega}$ SST turbulence model. In order to investigate the influence of inlet geometry parameters on the cavitation performance of the miniature pump, two more impellers are designed for comparison. Based on the results, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) Cavitation performance of the double suction shaft-less miniature pump having different impeller is equivalent to the centrifugal pump having ordinary size, though the flow passage at impeller inlet is small; 2) The miniature pump having radial impeller can produce much higher pump head, but lower cavitation performance than that having the impeller based on the conventional design method; 3) It is believed that by applying the double suction design, the miniature pump achieved relatively uniform flow pattern upstream the impeller inlet, which is favorable for improving cavitation performance.

• Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.74-79
• /
• 2004

Ingestion of shellfish-associated Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the primary cause of potentially severe gas-troenteritis in many countries. However, only Kanagawa phenomenon (hemolysin) positive (KP$\^$+/) strains of V. parahaemolyticus are isolated from patients, whereas >99％ of strains isolated from the environment do not produce this hemolysin (i.e. are KP$\^$-/). The reasons for these differences are not known. Following a temperature downshift, Vibrio parahaemolyticus enters the viable but noncultur-able (VBNC) state wherein cells maintain viability but cannot be cultured on routine microbiological media. We speculated that KP$\^$+/ and KP$\^$-/ strains may respond differently to the temperature and salinity conditions of seawater by entering into this state which might account for the low numbers of cul-turable KP$\^$+/ strains isolated from estuarine waters. The response of eleven KP$\^$+/ and KP$\^$-/ strains of V. parahaemolyticus following exposure to a nutrient and temperature downshift in different salinities, similar to conditions encountered in their environment, was examined. The strains included those from which the KP$\^$+/ genes had been selectively removed or added. Our results indicated that the ability to produce hemolysin did not affect entrance into the VBNC state. Further, VBNC cells of both biotypes could be restored to the culturable state following an overnight temperature upshift.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.360-367
• /
• 2005

We have performed to analyze the trophic state resulting of Lake Yongdam as a result of water quality and nutrient concentration. Lake Yongdam is artifitial multi-purpose Dam resulting from the floods of 2001. The water quality of Lake Yongdam may affect the status of the Geum river basin including the Daecheong reservoir. It is necessary to understand the trophic state to assess water quality until stability after flooding. Water quality was surveyed using depth and hydraulic condition analysis. Further density flow was estimated for stratification and trophic state of Lake Yongdam by chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ concentration (2001~2004). And Environmental factors on chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ concentration were analyzed statistically. Trophic state was evaluated as the oligotrophic state at the main stream of the reservoir and eutrophic state at the upper stream in 2001, but evaluated as eutrophic state in 2002 and 2003 by TSI of Aizaki. From the results of multiple regression analysis using stepwise method, chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ concentration was shown to be very significant when nutrient concentration is high upon initial filling of the Dam. Chlorophyll ${\alpha}$ concentration varied according to sample site, season and year. Concentration were high in the upper stream of Lake Yongdam 4, algae bloom in these watershed were affected by location and high nutrient levels in the summer season which have in turn increased phytoplankton bloom into the reservoir.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.1183-1210
• /
• 2016

Viscoelastic sandwich structures (VSSs) are widely used in mechanical equipment, but in the service process, they always suffer from aging which affect the whole performance of equipment. Therefore, aging state recognition of VSSs is significant to monitor structural state and ensure the reliability of equipment. However, non-stationary vibration response signals and weak state change characteristics make this task challenging. This paper proposes a novel method for this task based on adaptive second generation wavelet packet transform (ASGWPT) and multiwavelet support vector machine (MWSVM). For obtaining sensitive feature parameters to different structural aging states, the ASGWPT, its wavelet function can adaptively match the frequency spectrum characteristics of inspected vibration response signal, is developed to process the vibration response signals for energy feature extraction. With the aim to improve the classification performance of SVM, based on the kernel method of SVM and multiwavelet theory, multiwavelet kernel functions are constructed, and then MWSVM is developed to classify the different aging states. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, different aging states of a VSS are created through the hot oxygen accelerated aging of viscoelastic material. The application results show that the proposed method can accurately and automatically recognize the different structural aging states and act as a promising approach to aging state recognition of VSSs. Furthermore, the capability of ASGWPT in processing the vibration response signals for feature extraction is validated by the comparisons with conventional second generation wavelet packet transform, and the performance of MWSVM in classifying the structural aging states is validated by the comparisons with traditional wavelet support vector machine.

• PNF and Movement
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.233-244
• /
• 2020

Purpose: The study investigated pain and falls as psychological factors in Total Knee Replacement patients and examined the relationship between these factors. Methods: Ninety-six total knee replacement patients aged 69.31±7.01 (male: 21, female: 75) participated in the study. Post-surgery pain was assessed on a visual analog scale, and fall risk scores were evaluated on fall fear and fall efficacy scales. Other psychological factors assessed included national anxiety and trail anxiety, fear prevention, Beck depression score, and psychological health measures. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: A statistically significant correlation was found between pain before surgery and FES fall fear score before surgery (p < 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between pain after surgery and PWBS fall fear score after surgery (p < 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between state anxiety and PWBS, Trail anxiety (p < 0.05). A statistically significant correlation was also found between trail anxiety and BDI, PWBS (p < 0.05). State anxiety and fear avoidance before surgery were found to affect trail anxiety, and pain before surgery and fall fear score before surgery were found to affect FES. In addition, PWBS was found to affect BDI. Conclusion: The study confirms that increased pain in Total Knee Replacement patients can be a risk factor for falls. In addition, fall fears increase fear avoidance and cause psychological deterioration. This suggests that efforts should be made to reduce pain and to manage psychological factors.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
• /
• v.17 no.9
• /
• pp.897-901
• /
• 2011

This paper presents a TS (Takagi-Sugeno) type FLC (Fuzzy Logic Controller) with only 3 rules. The choice of parameters of FLC is very difficult job on design FLC controller. Therefore, the choice of appropriate linguistic variable is an important part of the design of fuzzy controller. However, since fuzzy controller is nonlinear, it is difficult to analyze mathematically the affection of the linguistic variable. So this choice is depend on the expert's experience and trial and error method. In the design of the system, we use a variety of response characteristics like stability, rising time, overshoot, settling time, steady-state error. In particular, it is important for a stable system design to predict the steady-state error because the system's steady-state response of the system is related to the overall quality. In this paper, we propose the method to choose the consequence linear equation's parameter of T-S type FLC in the view of steady-state error. The parameters of consequence linear equations of FLC are tuned according to the system error that is the input of FLC. The full equation of T-S type FLC is presented and using this equation, the relation between output and parameters can represented. As well as the FLC parameters of consequence linear equations affect the stability of the system, it also affects the steady-state error. In this study, The system according to the parameter of consequence linear equations of FLC predict the steady-state error and the method to remove the system's steady-state error is proposed using the prediction error value. The simulation is carried out to determine the usefulness of the proposed method.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.477-486
• /
• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the influencing factors of subjective awareness of dental health status on the use of dental hygienic devices. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was completed by 320 patients who visited dental clinics in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do from May to June 2014. Except incomplete answers, 284 copies were analyzed by SPSS WIN 18.0 program. The questionnaire was adapted from Park & Youn, and Chae. The questionnaire consisted of five questions of the general characteristics of the subjects, one question of subjective dental health status, eight questions of awareness of dental hygienic devices, and eight questions of use of dental hygienic devices. Results: Although the awareness of self dental health state was shown to statistically significantly affect the awareness of dental hygiene devices(p<0.001) which is the dependent variable, it was shown to not affect the use. Conclusions: Based on such results, to improve and maintain the dental health, an individual's subjective dental health state should be identified and provide accurate and objective information on the dental hygiene devices that are suitable to individual dental state, as well as make the patient's use of dental hygiene devices increase through continuous boosting of motivation.