• 건축역사연구
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.23-38
• /
• 2011

The Axes and Adzes are the oldest tools since the beginning of human history which is used to cut the tree and make part of architecture such as boards, square timber etc. Nowadays, these old woodworking tools especially "Jagui(자귀)" (adze) has been almost disappeared at the working site of residential and cultural properties. It is necessary to study Korean traditional woodworking tools to keep Korean traditional skill and technology. It has been reviewed the change of shape of "Jagui(자귀)" (adze) from before Samhan (삼한) period to Joseon Dynasty through excavated relics and paintings and summarize as follows: Based on excavation relics of Dahori, both plate type blade and pocket type blade are used for "Tokki(도끼)" (axe) and "Jagui(자귀)" (adze). The excavated "Jagui(자귀)" (adze) from Jeongbaikri 356 tomb, near Pyongyang is prototype of "Jagui(자귀)" (adze) used nowdays which has almost same shape as well as the insert method of blade and handle. The auxiliary handle is inserted to blade and the main handle is inserted to the auxiliary handle which is different from the method of Chinese and Japanese "Jagui(자귀)" (adze). The length of handle of "Jagui(자귀)" (adze) until late Joseon Dynasty is short by which we assume it is used for a sitting position as hand held Jagui and from that time long handle has been introduced for a standing position which is called "Sunjagui(선자귀)". "Jagui(자귀)" (adze) has been used since the beginning of human history but it is almost disappeared at the most of woodworking site which is the crisis of Korean traditional architecture and we have to do something to keep it.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제52권3호
• /
• pp.276-288
• /
• 2024

This study was conducted to reproduce the woodworking process of Baekje wooden storage facilities. Green timber of Quercus spp. was processed using ancient woodworking tools, and the tool-trace formed in this process were compared with the tool-trace of actual excavated artifacts. In the tool-trace analysis, the length and shape of the tool-trace were objectively recorded using a 3D Scan, and that were difficult to confirm with photograph were confirmed through stereoscopic microscope. As a result, there were two types of adze's tool-trace. One of them is minute straight Blade-top trace line when trimming the wood surface and the other is Plucked trace that appear when strongly chop at the wood. When a chisel bat was not used, a long and wide continuous shape blade trace was produced. And when the chisel head was struck with the chisel bat, a straight blade-top trace was regularly observed. Saw-trace was identified in several layers with fine straight stripes. Through this, it was found that the tool-trace of the woodworking tools, which is estimated to have been used in each process, and the tool-trace remaining in the Baekje wooden storage facility coincide.

• 고문화
• /
• 57호
• /
• pp.3-24
• /
• 2001

유구석부는 크게 '장방형 또는 제형의 부신횡단면 - 사인 - 제형구'와 ‘말각삼각형 또는 터널형의 부신횡단면 - 직인 - 호형구'를 특색으로 하는 두 형식으로 구분되며 약간의 변형과 아종이 나타나고 있다. 전자는 소위 송국리형 문화, 후자는 점토대토기 문화에서 사용되었으며. 전자에서 후자가 형식변화된 것으로 이해되어왔다. 그러나 양 문화의 출현배경, 확산범위, 전파의 향방과 이주의 속도, 유적의 지리적 위치와 취락의 지형적 입지, 단일취락내 주거지의 숫자와 개별 주거지의 크기 등을 비교할 때, 두 문화는 사회성격과 생계경제방식이 분명히 다른 것으로 판명된다. 따라서 이러한 사회 문화적 토양을 고려할 때, 유구석부가 1식에서 2식으로 형식변화되었다고 피상적이고 단순하게 이해하는 것보다는 각형식이 소속한 문화의 독자적인 필요에 의하여 발생하였다고 이해하는 독자발생의 시각이 두 형식의 출현과 상호관계에 대한 타당한 설명을 제공한다. 필자는 이러한 유구석부 1, 2식의 출현배경과 형식의 독자성을 고려하여 각각 제구석부와 호구석부로 명명하였다. 유구석부의 용도에 대하여는 지금까지 제구석부와 호구석부 모두 목공전용구로 알려져 왔으나, 소속문화의 사회성격과 생계경제방식 및 마제석기 조합상을 비교할 때, 제구석부는 목공전용구로 사용되었으나, 호구석부는 그 외에 굴지구와 무기 등의 기능을 포함한 다목적 타격도구로 사용되었을 것으로 추정된다. 제구석부는 지금까지 밝혀진 송국리형 문화의 정착농경문화의 생활방식이 필요로 하는 전형적인 목공전용구로 사용된 것이 분명해 보이지만, 호구석부는 앞으로 그것이 속한 점토대토기 문화의 사회성격과 생계경제방식이 밝혀져 감에 따라서 그 용도가 더욱 구체적으로 판명될 것으로 판단된다.

• 복식문화연구
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.241-260
• /
• 1995

The Maori's traditional clothing materials, basic forms of dress, and the pattern and technique of tatoo were examined in the present study in order to deepen the appreciation of the cultural heritage of the Maori. The research method employed was the analysis of written materials. And a fild-trip was also made for the study. The study was limitted to the traditional culture of body adornment of the Maori including the clothing which is preserved and practicing by them at the present day, and the origin and the process of the historical development of those are not included in the scope of the present study. Followings are the results of the study: (1) By far the most widely used fiber for Maori clothing is abtained from what is commonly called New Zealand Flax. The fiber of kiekie(Freycinetia baueriana) and cabbage trees(Cordyline spp.) may also be used. The strong, long-lasting fiber of toi(cordyline indivisa) is used for a prestige warrior's cloak. Flat strips of ti kauka(Cordyline australi) are also used as thatch on rain cloaks. (2) Regardless of technique used, Maori weaving is always worked horizontally from left to right. Traditionally the work was suspended between two upright turuturu or weaving sticks. As the work progressed a second pair of uprights was used to keep the work off the ground. These uprights were moved forward as required. Because the weaver sat on the ground, the working edge was kept at a height that was comfortable to reach. No weaving tools are used, the wefts(aho) being manipulated by the fingers. The two main Maori weaving techniques are whatu aho patahi(single-pair twining) and whatu aho rua(double-pair twining). (3) The Maori wore two basic garments - a waist met and a cloak. The cloth of commoners were of plain manufacture, while those of people of rank were superior, sometimes being decorated with feather or dyed tags and decorated borders. Children ran more-or-less naked until puberty, being dressed only for special events. Some working dress consisted of nothing more than belts with leaves thrust under them. Chiefs and commoners usually went barefoot, using rough sandals on journeys over rough country (4) The adornment of men and women of rank was an important matter of tribal concern as it was in chiefly persons that prestige of the group was centred, The durable items of Maori persons adornment were either worn or carried. Ornaments of various kinds were draped about the neck or suspended from pierced earlobes. Combs decorated the head. Personal decorations not only enhanced the appearance of men and women, but many had protective magical function. The most evident personal ornament was the hei-tiki made of jade or other material. Maori weapons were treasured by their owners. They served on bottle and were also personal regalia. A man of rank was not fully dressed without a weapon in hand. Also weapons were essential to effective oratory. (5) No man or woman of rank went without some tattoo adornment except in extremely rare instances when a person was too sacred to have any blood shed. The untattooed were marked as beeing commoners of no social standing. This indelible mark of rank was begun, with appropriate rite and ritual, at puberty. And tattoo marked the person as being of a marriageable age. Maori tattoo was unlike most traditional tattoo in that its main line were 'engraved' on the face with deep cuts made by miniature bone chisels. The fill-in areas were not tattooed with cuts but with the multiple pricks of small bone 'combs' that only lightly penetrated the skin surface. The instrument of tattoo consisted of small pots of pumice or wood into which was placed a wetted black pigment made from burnt kauri gum, burnt vegetable caterpillars or other sooty materials. A bird bone chisel or comb set at right angles on a short wooden handle was dipped into the gigment, that a rod or stick was used to tap head of this miniature adze, causing penetration of the skin surface. Black pigment lodged under the skin took on a bluish tinge. A full made facial tattoo consisted of major spirals with smaller spirals on each side of the nose and sweeping curved lines radiating out from between the brows over the forehead and from the nose to the chin. The major patterns were cut deep, while the secondary koru patterns were lightly pricked into the skin.