• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.190-195
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• 2004

A new technology for advanced wastewater treatment was developed using a modified Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) process, named as Rotating Activated Bacillus Contactor (RABC) process that utilizes Bacillus sp., the facultatively anaerobic or activated microaerophilic bacteria on multiple-stage reticular rotating carriers, as a predominant species. The RABC process for a municipal wastewater with relatively low concentrations of organics, nitrogen, and phosphorus showed stable and high removal efficiencies, less than $BOD_5$ 10 mg/L, T-N 15 mg/L, and T-P 1.5 mg/L in final effluent. The performance load of RABC process was shown to be $1.23kg{\cdot}BOD/m^2{\cdot}day$ for the first stage (average $0.31kg{\cdot}BOD/m^2{\cdot}day$ for the total stages) based on both removed BOD and converted disc area corresponding to the reticular one. The sludge produced in the RABC process is characterized by low generation rate (about $0.18kg{\cdot}MLSS/kg{\cdot}BOD$) and excellent settleability. The number ratio of Bacillus ($2.4{\times}10^6CFU/ml$) to heterotrophic bacteria ($3.6{\times}10^7CFU/ml$) inhabiting in the biofilms of the RABC process was 6.7 %, indicating that Bacillus sp. was a predominant species in the biofilms. The RABC process with reticular rotating carriers showed its excellent performance for the advanced wastewater treatment without any offensive odor problem due to organic overloading.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2009

The turbid/translucent, near colorless(milky) metamorphic sapphire samples from Sri Lanka have been characterized after the heat treatment in $N_2$ at $1650^{\circ}C$. As-received sapphire specimens became bluish-colored and exhibited more clarity after the heat treatment. It was found that the color change at inclusions zoning region is attributed by the dissolution. As received samples contain the micro/nano inclusions such as rutile($TiO_2$), ilmenite($FeTiO_3$), spinel($MgAl_{2}O_{4}$)/ulvospinel($Fe_{2}TiO_{4}$) and apatite($Ca_5(PO_4)_3$), which were dissolved by the heat treatment and form the blue color through $Fe^{2+}/Ti^{4+}$ charge transferring. The microstructures become different because as the dissolution of apatite($Ca_5(PO_4)_3(OH,F,Cl)$) in alumino silicates($Al_{2}SiO_{5}$) occurred, resulting in morphological change with the appearance of(Ca, Mg, Al) silicate on the surface. Both as-received and heat treated samples showed the rhombohedral crystal structure of $Al_{2}O_{3}$.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.90-94
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• 2009

Mong Hsu rubies from Myanmar were heat treated in oxidizing(oxygen) atmosphere at $1650^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. The investigations of the micro-structural defects in the samples before and after heat treatment have been carried out by the variety of analysis techniques of FTIR, UV-VIS-NIR and SEM-EDS. It was found that after heat treatment the dark blue cores region were disappeared and turned to orange red color with the presence of the dense cloudy brownish colored tiny particles in and near former blue zoning. As-received ruby samples only revealed the presence of FTIR absorption peaks of diaspore, boehmite and O-H stretching, at 1986, 2115 and $3078/3319\;cm^{-1}$ respectively. The UV-VIS-NIR absorption of as-received and heat treated ruby samples similarly showed peaks at 405, 554 and 693 nm associated with $Cr^{3+}$, but for the same samples, the absorption peak of heat-treated ruby samples at 693 nm was somewhat stronger than that of the untreated ruby samples. Especially the presence of $Cr^{3+}$ peaks at 659 and 675 nm was found obviously in as-received ruby samples only. The SEM-EDS investigation disclosed the micro-porous defect structures commonly related to the core regions of the untreated ruby samples, which after heat treatment in an oxidizing environment those defect features have been dissolved into the host phase resulting in the lightening or disappearance of the dark coloration of ruby core.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2014

The Japan National Committee for the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) and UICC-Asia Regional Office (ARO) organized an international session as part of the official program of the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Cancer Association to discuss the topic "What is cost-effectiveness in cancer treatment?" Healthcare economics are an international concern and a key issue for the UICC. The presenters and participants discussed the question of how limited medical resources can be best used to support life, which is a question that applies to both developing and industrialized countries, given that cancer treatment is putting medical systems under increasing strain. The emergence of advanced yet hugely expensive drugs has prompted discussion on methodologies for Health Technology Assessment (HTA) that seek to quantify cost and effect. The session benefited from the participation of various stakeholders, including representatives of industry, government and academia and three speakers from the Republic of Korea, an Asian country where discussion on HTA methodologies is already advanced. In addition, the session was joined by a representative of National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) of the United Kingdom, which has pioneered the concept of cost-effectiveness in a medical context. The aim of the session was to advance and deepen understanding of the issue of cost-effectiveness as viewed from medical care systems in different regions.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권11호
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• pp.1791-1799
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• 2018

Weaning stress can affect the growth performance and intestinal health of piglets. Dietary alternatives to antibiotics, such as dietary probiotics, especially those containing multiple microbial species, are a preventive strategy for effectively controlling post-weaning diarrhea. In this study, we investigated forty-eight crossbred piglets in three treatment groups for 21 days: the control and experimental groups were supplemented with Enterococcus faecium DSM 7134, Bacillus subtilis AS1.836 plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 28338 (EBS) or Lactobacillus paracasei L9 CGMCC No. 9800 (EBL). On day 21, weaned piglets supplemented with two kinds of probiotic complexes showed increased growth performance and significantly reduced post-weaning diarrhea (p < 0.05). The EBS treatment increased acetic acid and propionic acid in the feces (p < 0.05), and the EBL treatment increased fecal acetic acid, propionic acid, butyrate and valerate (p < 0.05). Moreover, the fecal microbiota of the piglets changed markedly in EBL treatment. The addition of EBS and EBL may have similar effects on the prevention of diarrhea by improving the intestinal morphology and regulating the microbiota during the weaning period.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2019

Cu-added SKD11 was manufactured through the casting process and the effects of Cu addition with different contents (0, 1, 2 and 3 wt%) and aging treatment on microstructure, mechanical characteristics such as tensile strength and hardness, and thermal conductivity were investigated. The microstructure was analyzed by FE-SEM and XRD, the mechanical characteristics by Rockwell hardness tester and Tensile tester, and the thermal conductivity by Laser flash. As a result, SKD11 containing Cu had higher hardness than as-received SKD11. The hardness of as-cast SKD11 containing 1 wt% Cu was 42.4 HRC, whereas the hardness of asreceived SKD11 cast alloy was 19.5 HRC, indicating that the hardness was greatly improved when Cu was added. In the case of tensile strength, Cu-added SKD11 cast alloy had lower tensile strength than as-received SKD11, and the tensile strength tended to increase as Cu content increased. After heat treatment, however, tensile strength of as-received SKD11 was significantly increased, whereas in the case of Cu-added SKD11, as the Cu contents increased, the tensile strength increased less and even reduced at 3 wt% Cu. The thermal conductivity of Cu-added SKD11 cast alloy was about 13 W m^-1 K^-1, which was lower than that of the asreceived SKD11 cast alloy (28 W m^-1 K^-1). After the heat treatment, however, the thermal conductivity of as-received SKD11 was reduced, while the thermal conductivity of the SKD11 added with Cu was increased. Thermal conductivity was generally larger with less Cu content, and this tendency became more pronounced after heat treatment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6267-6271
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• 2013

Objective: To determine clinical efficacy, safety and prognostic factors of pemetrexed plus platinum as first-line treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: Clinical characteristics, short-term efficacy, survival and adverse reactions of 47 advanced non-squamous NSCLC patients who had received pemetrexed plus platinum as first-line treatment in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital from January 2009 to June 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. The Chi-squared test was applied to statistically analyze the overall response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and toxicity reactions in both groups, while survival data wereanalyzed by Kaplan-Meier and logrank methods, and the COX proportional hazards model was adopted for a series of multi-factor analyses. Results: Only two patients were lost to follow-up. The ORR, DCR, medium progression-free survival time (PFS) and medium overall survival (OS) were 31.9%, 74.5%, 5 months and 15.2 months, while 1- and 2-year survival rates were 63.8% (30/47) and 19.2% (9/47), respectively. Single-factor analysis showed that tumor pathological patterns and efficacy were in association with medium PFS (P<0.05), whereas tumor pathological patterns, smoking history and efficacy were closely connected with medium OS (P<0.05). Multi-factor analyses demonstrated that pathological patterns and efficacy were independent factors influencing OS (P<0.05). The rate of toxicity reactions in degree III/IV was low, including hematologic toxicity marked by decline in white blood cell count and decrease in the platelet count (PLT), and non-hematologic toxicity manifested by gastrointestinal reactions, such as nausea and vomiting. Conclusions: Pemetrexed plus platinum as first-line treatment has excellent efficacy and slight adverse reactions with favorable drug-tolerance in patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC.

• 대한기관식도과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2009

Background and Objectives : Obstructive laryngeal cancers have to be managed with tracheostomy, which has been reported with increased local or stomal recurrence. Stomal recurrence after treatment of laryngeal cancer is one of the most serious issues in the management of laryngeal cancer. Prognosis of locally advanced laryngeal cancer in patients with previous tracheostomy is evaluated. Materials and Methods : Between 1996 and 2007, 174 patients with previously untreated advanced laryngeal cancer(stage III, IV) were enrolled. Overall survival(OS) and disease specific survival(DSS) according to the presence of previous tracheostomy were compared. OS and DSS of the groups with different duration from tracheostomy to treatment were compared. Results : Among 174 patients with advanced laryngeal cancer, previous tracheostomy was performed in 24 patients. Of 24 patients, there were stomal recurrences in 5 patients. DSS of previous tracheostomy group and that of the other group were statistically different(p=0.001). There was statistical significant difference between OS of groups which start treatment more than 14 days after tracheostomy and within 14 days(p=0.03). Conclusions : If possible, Previous tracheostomy should be avoided and if it is inevitable, the elective treatment should be recommended at least within 2 weeks.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.558-565
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• 2020

AZO thin films are grown on a p-Si(111) substrate by RF magnetron sputtering. The characteristics of various thicknesses and heat treatment conditions are investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Hall effect and room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The substrate temperature and the RF power during growth are kept constant at 400 ℃ and 200 W, respectively. AZO films are grown with a preferred orientation along the c-axis. As the thickness and the heat treatment temperature increases, the length of the c-axis decreases as Al³⁺ ions of relatively small ion radius are substituted for Zn²⁺ ions. At room temperature, the PL spectrum is separated into an NBE emission peak around 3.2 eV and a violet regions peak around 2.95 eV with increasing thickness, and the PL emission peak of 300 nm is red-shifted with increasing annealing temperature. In the XPS measurement, the peak intensity of Al_2p and O_ll increases with increasing annealing temperature. The AZO thin film of 100 nm thickness shows values of 6.5 × 10¹⁹ cm^-3 of carrier concentration, 8.4 cm^-2/V·s of mobility and 1.2 × 10^-2 Ω·cm electrical resistivity. As the thickness of the thin film increases, the carrier concentration and the mobility increase, resulting in the decrease of resistivity. With the carrier concentration, mobility decreases when the heat treatment temperature increases more than 500 ℃.

• 식물병연구
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2015

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important postharvest fungal pathogens of cut flowers. Here, gamma irradiation, an alternative for phytosanitary purposes, and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) were used to control B. cinerea in a cut chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) cultivar, 'Baekma', one of the cultivars susceptible to B. cinerea. Spore germination and mycelium growth of B. cinerea were inhibited by gamma irradiation in an inversely dose-dependent manner. A dose of 4 kGy completely inhibited the mycelium growth of B. cinerea. A significant change in flower quality (physical properties) on chrysanthemum was shown from gamma irradiation at over 0.2 kGy (p<0.05). Therefore, in this study, the integration of gamma ray (below 0.2 kGy) and NaDCC, an eco-friendly form of chlorine, was investigated to control the disease with low dose of gamma irradiation dose. Interestingly, the gamma irradiated flowers showed more disease severity than the non-irradiated flowers. The combined treatment of gamma irradiation and NaDCC does not affect the severity of the fungal disease, whereas only 70 ppm of NaDCC treatment showed a significantly reduced severity. These results suggest that only chlorination treatment can be applied to control B. cinerea in cut chrysanthemum flowers.