• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.96-103
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• 1998

To study the optimum conditions of composting with industrial wastewater sludge, the variations of temperature and $CO_2$ generation amount during the composting periods were investigated. The conditions were that industrial wastewater added to bulking agents such as sawdust and rice hull was used, and differently treated with microorganism seeding or not, initial C/N ratios, air flow rate and initial moisture contents, respectively. The results were summarized as follows : Seeding 5% of microorganism was higher the temperature than not seeding. And using sawdust as bulking agents, and adjusting 30~40 of Initial C/N ratio, 200ml/l.min. of k flow rate and 67~68% moisture contents were higher the temperature than any other conditions. Seeding 5% of microorganisms was higher $CO_2$ generation amount than not seeding. And that was much in the order of 7~40, 30~34 and 22~23 of initial C/N ratio. Judging from the results, it should be considered that the optimum conditions in the composting of industrial wastewater sludge were seeding of 5% microorganisms, and adjusting 30~34 of Initial C/N ratio, 200ml/l min. of air flow rate and 67~68% of Intitial moisture contents. The contents of inorganic matters and C/N ratio during the composting periods at optimum condition were a little Increased. and heavy metals contents after composting were lower than standard for fortllizer.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2015

This study was done the calculation formula for calculating the below item. That is the moisture content of the substrates raw materials, water content of the mixed substrates; the amount of media, dry weight, amount of liquid, bulk density in the bottle; dried materials volume, water volume, mixing ratio in a substrates mixing materials; water requirement amount, replenishment amount for water content control of the substrates and the total amount of substrates. And each was prepared in an Excel file for automatically calculated. The calculation of the Excel file will be able to take advantage for the mushroom growers; to make raw material costs, per bottle nutrient content and moisture content maintained throughout the year and new media composition. At this time we expect, while minimizing the quantity or deterioration in the daily ups and downs continued growing courses throughout the year contribute to stabilizing production.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.382-389
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• 1997

To study the optimum conditions of composing with sewage sludge, the variations of temperature and $CO_2$ generation amount during composting periods were investigated. The conditions were that sewage sludge added to bulking agents such as sawdust and rice hull were used and differently treated with microorganism seeding or not, initial C/N ratio, air flow rate and initial moisture contents. The results were summarized as follows : Seeding of 5% microorganism was higher temperature than not seeding. And using rice hull as bulking agents, and adjusting 21${\sim}$22 of initial C/N ratio, $200ml/l\;{\cdot}\;min$. of air flow rate and 64${\sim}$65% of initial moisture contents were higher temperature than any other conditions. Seeding of 5% microorganism was more $CO_2$ generation amount than not seeding. And using saw dust was more $CO_2$ generation amount than using rice hull as bulking agents. In the case of initial C/N ratio, adjusting 21${\sim}$42 was also more $CO_2$ generation amount than adjusting 12${\sim}$14. Judging from the result, it should be considered that the optimum conditions of composting with sewage sludges were seeding of 5% microorganism and adjusting 21${\sim}$22 of initial C/N ratio, $200ml/l\;{\cdot}\;min$. of air flow rate and 64${\sim}$65% of initial moisture contents.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.233-236
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• 2015

This report is the result of devising a method for utilizing the device of the load cell to maintain a constant water content of the medium every day to prepare a cultural substrates with the mixer for growing mushrooms bottle cultivation. A load cell was device under the medium mixer. It is developed when the device reaches the weight calculated as amount of substrate bottled and number of the bottle, it is automatically terminated by water injection. In addition, measuring the water content of each medium and the total weight of the medium reaches the target moisture content were calculated by using the program Cheong et al. (2015). Enter the total weight of the medium on the display unit of the load cell, when starting the water supply to reach the weight-based mixing media, the water supply is stopped. This method can improve the convenience by reducing the user's trouble in repeated work medium prepared by automating water supply. The suitable moisture content of the mixed medium for some kind of mushroom can be improved by the composition accuracy. And mycelial culture period, primordial period, mushroom growing period is maintained even of the medium can be produced stably. Therefore, it is possible to achieve a stable management of the mushroom farm according to mushroom quality and quantity stable throughout the year.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.267-271
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• 2005

A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of various fish meals as dietary protein source on growth, feed utilization and body composition of Juvenile flounder. Ten experimental diets were prepared to contain different fish meals: 4 kinds of white fish meal (WM-1, 2, 3, 4), 3 kinds of herring meal (HM-1, 2, 3), mackerel meal (MM), WM mixture and HM+MM mixture. Dietary energy and protein levels were designed to be isocaloric ($3.8 kcal g^{-1}diet$) and isonitrogenous ($46\%$) by adjusting the levels of fish meal, wheat flour and squid liver oil. Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean weight: 11.1 g) were hand-fed to visual satiety two times daily for 7 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among all groups. Weight gain of fish fed the HM-1 and HM-3 diets was the highest, but not significantly different from that of fish fed the either WM-2 or HM+MM diets. The lowest weight gain was found in fish fed the W-1 and WM-3 diets. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the WM-2, HM-1, HH-3, MM and HM+MM diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed other diets. Daily feed intake of fish fed the WM-3 diet was highest, but not significantly different from that oi fish fed the either WM-4 or WMM diet. Significant differences were found in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of whole body of fish. The results of this study indicated that growth of flounder can be affected by dietary fish meal source and quality, and WM-2, HM-1, HM-3 and HM+MM mixture are considered as useful dietary fish meal sources under these experimental conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.140-145
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate whether the earthworm cast could be reused as bulking agent in the whole processing of the food wastes using the earthworm. In addition, the growth conditions of microorganism lived upon earthworm lasts was investigated. Because the raw food wastes used in this experiment had low pH, and high moisture and organic matter contents, it was unsuitable to use as direct feeds to earthworm. However, when the food wastes were mixed with some earthworm cast, the mixtures were suitable to the feed condition and the growth environment of the earthworm. Therefore, it shows the possibility that the earthworm cast be reused as bulking agent for food wastes. In the microbiological investigation on earthworm cast, the bacteria showed most high density among the microbial species. And the microbial density showed higher under the mid-temperature than under high-temperature, and higher under the anaerobic than the aerobic condition. The drying methods of earthworm cast for the moisture adjusting, has no effect on microorganism growth whether natural or artificial drying. And the activity of enzyme presented more highly before the drying than after the drying.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1839-1846
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of cultivar and milling degree of barley on quality characteristics of Makgeolli as well as compare differences between barley Makgeolli and rice Makgeolli. Saessal-bori groups (Ss-4, Ss-12, and Ss-18) showed dry lees contents of 92.3 g, 69.4 g, and 63.8 g, respectively, whereas Huinchalssal-bori groups (Hcs-6, Hcs-14, and Hcs-20) showed contents of 62.3 g, 42.2 g, and 32.2 g. There were significant differences in quality characteristics between milling degrees and cultivars (P<0.05). The moisture, ash, crude protein, and crude fat contents of raw materials decreased with elevated milling degree. Especially, ash content of raw materials had a direct effect on Makgeolli. The pH, total acidity, and amino acidity milling with elevated decreased degree. There were no differences in total sugar or alcohol content in Makgeolli according to milling degree of barley, whereas there were significant differences between cultivars. Barley Makgeolli showed total sugar and alcohol contents of $10.7{\sim}11.8^{\circ}Brix$ and 14.07~15.07%, respectively, which were significantly lower than $12.0{\sim}12.2^{\circ}Brix$ and 17.27~17.77% in rice Makgeolli (P<0.05). Differences in colors of raw barley according to milling degree had effects on chromaticity of Makgeolli; as milling degree increased, L and b values increased. Lactic acid bacteria counts were 7.21, 6.99, and 6.67 log CFU/mL in Ss-4, Ss-12, and Ss-18, respectively, as well as 6.14, 5.39, and 5.65 log CFU/mL in Hcs-6, Hcs-14, and Hcs-20, which suggests significant reductions with increased milling degree (P<0.05). The same trend was observed in yeast as a key quality of Makgeolli. Suspension stability differed depending on milling degree, so it is expected that suspension stability can be improved by adjusting milling degree.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

A feeding experiment was conducted using juvenile Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) to evaluate supplemental vitamin premix in a test diet containing fish meal as protein source for nutritional study. Four vitamin premixes were prepared by adjusting different quantity and combination of vitamins. Each vitamin premix contained (mg/kg diet) : premix-1 : ascorbic acid, 2666 ; a-tocopheryl acetate, 417 ; thiamin, 60 ; riboflavin, 200 ; pyridoxine, 40 ; niacin, 800 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 280 ; myo-inositol, 4000 ; D-biotin, 6 ; folic acid, 15 ; p-amino-benjoic acid, 400 ; mennadione, 40 ; A, 16 ; $D_3$, 0.1 ; choline chloride, 8000 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.09 ; premix-2 : ascorbic acid, 270 ; a-tocopheryl acetate, 189 ; thiamin, 13.5 ; riboflavin,, 27 ; pyridoxine, 13.5 ; niacin, 135 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 135 ; myo-inositol, 135 ; D-biotin, 1. 4 : folic acid, 4.9 ; mennadione, 5.4 : A, 5.4 ; $D_3$, 2.2 ; choline chloride, 3000 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.05 ; premix-3 : ascorbic acid, 570 ; a-tocopheryl acetate, 107 ; thiamin, 20 ; riboflavin, 14.3 ; pyridoxine, 14.3 ; niacin, 71,3 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 57 ; myo-inositol, 456 ; D-biotin, 0.7 ; folic acid, 2.9 ; p-aminobenjoic acid, 285 ; mennadione, 5.7 ; A, 5.7 ; $D_3$, 1.1 ; choline chloride, 1500 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.03 ; premix-4 : ascorbic acid, 190 : a-tocopheryl acetate, 36 ; thiamin, 6.7 ; riboflavin, 4.8 ; pyridoxine, 4.8 ; niacin, 23.8 ; Ca-D-pantothenate, 19 ; myo-inositol, 152 ; D-biotin,0.2 ; folic acid, 1 ; p-aminobenjoic acid, 95 ; mennadione, 1.9 ; A, 1.9 ; $D_3$, 0.4 ; choline chloride, 500 ; cyanocobalamin, 0.01. Triplicate groups of the 50 fish averaging 4.25 g were fed one of four isoproteic ($47\%$) and isolipidic ($9\%$) experimental diets to satiation twice a day for 10 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein retention in fish fed the diet with vitamin premix-1 were significantly higher than those in fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). Moisture, protein and lipid contents of muscle and whole body were not affected by different dietary vitamin premix (P>0,05). These results indicate that premix-1 can be used to adequate supplemental vitamin premix in test diet containing fish meal as protein source for juvenile Korean rockfish.