• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.3923-3926
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• 2013

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.11-14
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• 2003

Adipocyte development has an impact on human health issues mainly through the association of obesity with Type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and cardiovascular disorders. Obesity results from excessive food intake and reduced energy expenditure, and such surplus energy is stored in adipose tissue.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2018

Anthocyanins are naturally occurring water-soluble polyphenolic pigments in plants that have been shown to protect against cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers, as well as other chronic human disorders. However, the anti-obesity effects of anthocyanins are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of anthocyanins isolated from the fruit of Vitis coignetiae Pulliat on the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Our data indicated that anthocyanins attenuated the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, as confirmed by a decrease in the number of lipid droplets, lipid content, and triglyceride production. During this process, anthocyanins effectively enhanced the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK); however, this phenomenon was inhibited by the co-treatment of compound C, an inhibitor of AMPK. Anthocyanins also inhibited the expression of adipogenic transcription factors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein a and b, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c. In addition, anthocyanins were found to potently inhibit the expression of adipocyte-specific genes, including adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein, leptin, and fatty acid synthase. These results indicate that anthocyanins have potent anti-obesity effects due to the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis, and thus may have applications as a potential source for an anti-obesity functional food agent.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.241-251
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• 2005

Objectives: This experimental study was designed to investig:ue the effects of Oryungsan-gagampang on leptin and leptin receptor levels and differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocyte. Methods: After 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with various concentrations of Oryungsan-gagampang and Reductil(r) for 7 days, leptin and leptin receptor levels in 3T3-Ll adipocytes were measured by ELISA. To elucidate the mechanism of inhibitory effects of Oryungsan-gagampang on obesity, the 3T3-L1 adipocytes after oil red 0 staining were taken by digital photo system. Results: 1. Oryungsan-gagampang $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ significantly increased leptin levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in comparison with the control group (p<0.05), and Oryungsan-gagampang 0.1 10, $1,000{\mu}g/ml$ significantly increased leptin receptor levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). 2. Oryungsan-gagampang inhibited of differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conclusions: Oryungsan-gagampang showed significant effects on inhibiting differentiation of 3T3-Ll adipocytes, and increasing leptin levels and leptin receptor levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Therefore, Oryungsan-gagampang could be used to treat obesity, but further studies are required.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1177-1182
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• 2004

Polyclonal anti-sera were collected from sheep and chicken immunized with adipocytes plasma membranes. Thirty two male wistar rats, weighing 185-215 grams, were divided randomly into 4 groups (trial 1: control group and treat group, trial 2: control group and treat group), with 8 rats in each group. The experiment lasted for 7 weeks. Trial one: The control group received four consecutive daily intraperitoneal injections of 1ml of sheep normal sera. The same 4 day daily dose of group sheep anti-rats sera adipocyte plasma membrane anti-sera was administered to the treat group. The results showed that the treatment for treat group increased body weight by 6.35% (p<0.05) and food intake by 6.85%, and improved food conversion efficiency (Food intake/gain) by 45.00% (p<0.05). Periernal, epididymal and omental adipose deposit weights were decreased by 23.92% (p<0.05), 34.45% (p<0.05) and 0.98% respectively, while total fat content decreased by 20.92%. Trial two: The control group received four consecutive daily intraperitoneal injections of 1 ml of chicken normal sera, the results of injections of chicken anti-rats sera adipocyte plasma membrane antis-era administered to the treat group indicated that chicken anti-rats adipocyte plasma membranes immunization had an disadvantageous effect on the growth of the wistar rats by the end of 7th wk, compared with the control group. The immunized group decreased in total weight by 40 gram (p<0.05) an averagely and in food intake noticeably (p<0.01). The deposition of fat and the rates of TG and FFA in serum had no statistical significance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.748-755
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to find out effects of treatment of ginsenoside Re, Rc and EGCG on mRNA expressions of leptin, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and resistin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The concentrations of EGCG were treated with $0.01{\times}10^{-7},\;0.1{\times}10^{-7},\;1{\times}10^{-7}\;and\;1{\times}10^{-6}\;or\;100{\mu}g/ml$ ginsenoside Re, Rc in culture cell for 13 days. mRNA expression of leptin wasn't expressed in preadipocyte but according to differentiation of adipocyte, the that of mRNA expression was decreased at gensenosids or EGCG treated cells compared with non treated adipocyte. Expression of HSL mRNA was increased in G-Re, G-Rc and EGCG treated cells compared with non treated cells. The resistin level was significantly decreased in adipocytes treated with G-Re, G-Rc and EGCG. These pattern was similar to leptin expression. These results support that treatment of gensenosides or EGCG in 3T3-L1 adipocyte resulted to affect of leptin and resistin as well as HSL mRNA levels, accordingly, levels of leptin and HSL will be acted by signalling body fat stores to the hypothalamus which in turn regulates food intake andenergy expenditure to maintain body weight homeostasis. And also regulation of resistin mRNA will prevent to diabetics attacked with obesity. In conclusion, we suggest that consumption of ginseng saponine or EGCG might prevent human diabetics or/and obesity.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.499-504
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• 2012

This study attempted to investigate the effects of resveratrol on the differentiation of adipocytes. After cells were treated with various concentrations of resveratrol (0, 10, 20, and 40 ${\mu}mol/L$), adipocyte proliferation, the protein expression of transcription factors, and MMPs' activities were determined. Cell proliferation was inhibited more within 4 days of incubation (P<0.05), and lipid accumulation in adipocyte was significantly inhibited by 93.8%, 92.4% and 91.5%, respectively, after two days of 10, 20, and 40 ${\mu}mol/L$ resveratrol treatment (P<0.05). Six days of incubation with the three resveratrol concentrations caused a significantly decreases of 63%, 59.9%, and 25.1% GPDH activity as a dose-dependent response. The triglyceride concentration also decreased significantly with the increase of resveratrol concentration (P<0.05). The protein expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/$EBP{\beta}$) was decreased significantly by 56% and 30% while $PPAR{\gamma}$ was significantly reduced by 57% and 15% with resveratrol treatments of 20 and 40 ${\mu}mol/L$, respectively (P<0.05). The protein expression of C/$EBP{\alpha}$ was decreased by 83%, 74%, and 38% to increased dosage levels, with significance determined for this decrease from 20 ${\mu}mol/L$ of resveratrol. The protein expression of fatty acid binding protein (FABP4) was decreased significantly by 88%, 72%, and 46% with the increase of resveratrol concentration. The activity of MMP-2 was decreased significantly by 84%, 70%, and 63% while MMP-9 activity was decreased significantly by 74%, 62%, and 39% with the increased resveratrol concentrations of 10, 20, and 40 ${\mu}mol/L$, respectively (P<0.05).

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.131-137
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• 2008

Adipogenesis is a complex sequence of events that culminates in the differentiation of fibroblast-like preadipocytes into specialized lipid-filled adipocytes and also involves a cascade of expression of many transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}(PPAR{\gamma})$ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs). $PPAR{\gamma}$ and C/EBPs transcriptionally transactivate adipocyte specific genes, including fatty acid transport protein (FAT/CD36) and leptin. To determine whether $17{\beta}$-estradiol modulates $C/EBP{\alpha}$ actions on adipogenesis in high fat diet-fed female ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6 mice, mice were treated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol for 7 days and the effects of $17{\beta}$-estradiol on adipose tissue mass and expression of adipocyte specific gene as well as $C/EBP{\alpha}$ were measured. Compared to vehicle-treated OVX control mice, OVX mice treated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol for 7 days had lower adipose tissue weights that were similar to weights in high fat diet-fed sham-operated (Sham) mice. OVX mice showed the increased expression of $C/EBP{\alpha}$ mRNA compared with Sham mice. However, $17{\beta}$-estradiol treatment in OVX mice inhibited OVX induced-$C/EBP{\alpha}$ activation, indicating that $17{\beta}$-estradiol may act as an inhibitor of $C/EBP{\alpha}$ action. Moreover, $17{\beta}$-estradiol decreased mRNA levels of adipocyte marker genes, such as lipoprotein lipase, FAT/CD36 and leptin, to levels in Sham mice. These results suggest that down-regulation of adipogenesis by $17{\beta}$-estradiol may be due to reduced adipose $C/EBP{\alpha}$ activities in female OVX C57BL/6 mice.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.492-501
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• 2018

Obesity is a worldwide disease and one of the major risk factors. Virus among many factors can lead to obesity. Adenovirus 36 (Ad-36) is the adipogenic virus linked with human obesity. Nevertheless, there is no drug to treat both Ad-36 infection and obesity associated with virus. For the precedent study on anti-cholesterol test, Distylium racemosum (D. racemosum), Quercus salicina (Q. salicina) and Raphiolepis indica (R. indica) were selected. This study was carried out to evaluate the anti-cholesterol effects, anti-lipid effects and inhibition of Ad-36 replication from three extracts. D. racemosum ($50{\mu}g/mL$) inhibited lipid accumulation on 3T3-L1 adipocyte. D. racemosum inhibited adipocyte differentiation through suppression of regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) genes and adipocyte-specific genes such as adipocyte protein 2 (aP2). D. racemosum inhibited replication of Ad-36 at $50{\mu}g/mL$ of concentration. Therefore, the extract of D. racemosum could be a candidate for development of anti-Ad-36 and anti-obesity drugs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.329-334
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• 2006

Adipocyte-specific secretory factor (ADSF)/resistin, a hormone, is a small cysteine-rich protein secreted from adipose tissue and has been implicated in modulating adipogenesis in humans and rodents. The objective of this study was to clone a gene encoding ADSF/resistin and to characterize its function in Korean Native Cattle (Hanwoo). The coding sequence was 330 base pairs and it encoded a protein of 109 amino acids. An NCBI BLAST-search revealed the cloned cDNA fragment shared significant homology (82%) with the cDNA encoding the human ADSF/resistin. The nucleotide sequence homology of the Hanwoo sequence was 73% and 64% for the rat and mouse, respectively. A 654 bp ADSF/resistin gene promoter was cloned and putative binding sites of transcription factors were identified. Tissue distribution of ADSF mRNA was examined in liver, skeletal muscles (tenderloin, biceps femoris), subcutaneous fat, and perirenal fat by RT-PCR. ADSF mRNAs were detected in fat tissues but not in liver and muscles, suggesting that ADSF/resistin expression may be induced during adipogenesis. Although, the physiological function of ADSF/resistin in the cow remains to be determined, these data indicate ADSF is related to the adipocyte phenotype and may have a possibly regulatory role in adipocyte function.