• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.682-691
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• 2020

Careful cleaning and disinfection of pigpens is essential to prevent disease spread and avoid the resultant economic losses. Hygiene in pigpens is generally evaluated by visual monitoring supplemented with bacteriological monitoring, which includes counting the total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and/or fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). However, these methods present drawbacks such as time and labor requirements. As adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is ubiquitous in all living organisms including microorganisms, this study aimed to directly compare the results of microbial assessment and ATP quantification, and to suggest possible detailed application methods of the ATP test for hygiene evaluation in pigpens of a farrowing unit. Before and after standard cleaning procedures, samples were collected from the floor corner, floor center, and feeding trough of four pigpens at different time points. No FIB were detected and both the TAB and ATP levels were significantly decreased in the floor center area after cleaning. FIB were continuously detected after cleaning and disinfection of the floor corners, and there was no significant ATP level reduction. The feeding trough did not show any significant difference in these values before and after cleaning, indicating insufficient cleaning of this area. The levels of TAB and ATP after cleaning were significantly correlated and the average ATP value was significantly lower in the absence of FIB than in their presence. In the absence of standard references, a more thorough hygiene management could be achieved evenly by supplementing cleaning or disinfection based on the lowest ATP results obtained at the cleanest test site, which in the present study was the floor center. Overall, these results indicate that the on-farm ATP test can be used to determine the cleanliness status, in addition to visual inspection, as an alternative to laboratory culture-based testing for the presence of microorganisms.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.109-117
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• 1989

The changes in adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP) and lactic acid (LA) contents of guinea pig hearts were studied during the cardioplegia and recovery phase. 1) ATP and CP contents in cardiac ventricular tissue were decreased during the cardioplegia, regardless of $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in the cardioplegic solutions, and CP contents were recovered with the reperfusion of normal Tyrode solution faster than those of ATP. And there were no significant differences in the recovery of CP contents with different concentration of $Ca^{2+}$ in the cardioplegic solutions tested, while the recovery of ATP contents was faster with 15 mM $K^{+}$, 0.1 mM $Ca^{2+}$ cardioplegic solutions. 2) LA contents were increased during the cardioplegia and decreased with the reperfusion of normal Tyrode solution. 3) The more recovery time (up to 3 hrs), the more CP contents were recovered with the reperfusion of normal Tyrode solution faster than those of ATP. And LA contents were decreased as the duration of recovery time. These results suggest that $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^{+}$ concentration in the cardioplegic solution is one of the major factors influencing the recovery of cardiac tissue from the cardioplegia.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2014

The adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor of cellular energy. Once activated, it switches on catabolic pathways generating adenosine triphosphate (ATP), while switching off biosynthetic pathways consuming ATP. Pharmacological activation of AMPK by metformin holds a therapeutic potential to reverse metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition, altered metabolism of tumor cells is widely recognized and AMPK is a potential target for cancer prevention and/or treatment. Panax ginseng is known to be useful for treatment and/or prevention of cancer and metabolic diseases including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. In this review, we discuss the ginseng extracts and ginsenosides that activate AMPK, we clarify the various mechanisms by which they achieve this, and we discuss the evidence that shows that ginseng or ginsenosides might be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of metabolic diseases and cancer.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.1687-1689
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• 2008

In the detection of pathogenic microorganisms ATP-bioluminescence reaction is a fascinating method. ATP(adenosine triphosphate) is an energy source of all kinds of living organism and ATP-bioluminescence reaction uses this ATP. However, ATP exists not only in the cells but also outside the cells. Therefore ATP-bioluminescence reaction only with intracellular ATP is very important in pathogenic microorganism detection. Because of that reason we developed a microfluidic channel containing Dielectrophoretic zone which capture microorganisms and eliminating and washing extracellular ATP with ATP-degarading enzymes, adenosine phosphate deaminase and apyrase. Microorganisms are captured by pDEP force at the DEP electrode zone and only extracellular ATPs are washed and eliminated outside the zone.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1586-1588
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• 2013

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 2000

To understand the influences of NaCl concentration and fermentation temperature on the ripening process of low salt fermented squids, squid with 5%, 7% and 9% salt were fermented at 10$\^{C}$ and 20$\^{C}$. The result of the changes of volatile basic nitrogen and free amino acids during the fermentation of squids are as follows. As a result of the observations on the changes of physicochemical components during the fermentation process of the low-salted squids, all the pH, VBN and NH$_2$-N were increased and therefore the fermentation was promoted. Considering the changes of net components according to the fermentation, ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) lost and could not be detected among the nucleotides and their related compounds. Besides, AMP (Adenosine monophosphate) existed only in the initial stage and inosine, hypoxanthine were the main components of nucleotides and their related compounds. Nonvolatile organic acids are mainly lactic acid, acetic acid and also they occupied more than 80%. Seeing the composition of free amino acid, the major amino acids are proline, arginine, methionine, alanine and glutamic acid.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 2012

Burkholderia pyrrocinia CH-67 is a biocontrol bacterium with strong antifungal activity against several plant pathogenic fungi. Transposon mutagenesis was performed to identify the genes responsible for the antifungal activity of B. pyrrocinia CH-67. Of the 2,500 mutants tested using the Fulvia fulva spore screening method, a mutant deficient in antifungal activity, M208, was selected. DNA sequence analysis of the transposon-inserted region revealed that a gene encoding an adenylate kinase-related kinase was disrupted in M208. Antifungal activity was restored in M208 when a full-length adenylate kinase gene with its promoter was introduced in trans. The deduced amino acid sequence of adenylate kinase from CH-67 was 80% identical to that of B. cenocepacia MCO-3. Adenosine diphosphate supplementation or high levels of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine monophosphate together restored antifungal activity in M208, suggesting that adenylate kinase of B. pyrrocinia CH-67 is involved in antifungal activity expression.

• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.835-845
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• 2018

We studied the role of ethylene control in regulating energy metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activity, and vase life of cut rose Rosa hybrida 'Carola'. Rose flowers at stage II were sprayed with one of the following solutions: water (control), $10{\mu}L\;L^{-1}$ 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), or $0.5g\;L^{-1}$ 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (ethephon). After harvest, ethylene production rate, respiration intensity, energy charge (EC), activities of energy metabolism-related and antioxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were measured. Results showed that 1-MCP enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, $H^+$-adenosine triphosphatase, $Ca^{2+}$-adenosine triphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome c oxidase, increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, maintained high EC levels, inhibited respiration intensity, reduced peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and MDA accumulation, and prolonged vase life. Ethephon promoted ethylene production and respiration intensity, increased POD and PPO activity, reduced ATP content and EC levels, and accelerated senescence. Our results support a novel role for ethylene control in regulating senescence of 'Carola'.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.176-186
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• 2013

In this study, we have investigated the effects of total saponin from Korean red ginseng (TSKRG) on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. TSKRG dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with $IC_{50}$ value of about 81.1 ${\mu}g/mL$. In addition, TSKRG dose-dependently decreased thrombin-elevated the level of cytosolic-free $Ca^{2+}$ ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$), one of aggregation-inducing molecules. Of two $Ca^{2+}$-antagonistic cyclic nucleotides as aggregation-inhibiting molecules, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), TSKRG significantly dose-dependently elevated intracellular level of cAMP, but not cGMP. In addition, TSKRG dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-elevated adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release from platelets. These results suggest that the suppression of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ elevation, and of ATP release by TSKRG are associated with upregulation of cAMP. TSKRG elevated the phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)-$Ser^{157}$, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase) substrate, but not the phosphorylation of VASP-$Ser^{239}$, a cGMP-dependent protein kinase substrate, in thrombin-activated platelets. We demonstrate that TSKRG involves in increase of cAMP level and subsequent elevation of VASP-$Ser^{157}$ phosphorylation through A-kinase activation to inhibit $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ mobilization and ATP release in thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. These results strongly indicate that TSKRG is a beneficial herbal substance elevating cAMP level in thrombin-platelet interaction, which may result in preventing of platelet aggregation-mediated thrombotic diseases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8467-8471
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• 2016

Background: One of the major mechanisms for drug resistance is associated with altered anticancer drug transport, mediated by the human-adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily proteins. The overexpression of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette, sub-family B, member 1 (ABCB1) by multidrug-resistant cancer cells is a serious impediment to chemotherapy. In our study we have studied the possibility that structural single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) are the mechanism of ABCB1 overexpression. Materials and Methods: A total of 101 gastric cancer multidrug resistant cases and 100 controls were genotyped with sequence-specific primed PCR (SSP-PCR). Gene expression was evaluated for 70 multidrug resistant cases and 54 controls by real time PCR. The correlation between the two groups was based on secondary structures of RNA predicted by bioinformatics tool. Results: The results of genotyping showed that among 3 studied SNPs, rs28381943 and rs2032586 had significant differences between patient and control groups but there were no differences in the two groups for C3435T. The results of real time PCR showed over-expression of ABCB1 when we compared our data with each of the genotypes in average mode. Prediction of secondary structures in the existence of 2 related SNPs (rs28381943 and rs2032586) showed that the amount of ${\Delta}G$ for original mRNA is higher than the amount of ${\Delta}G$ for the two mentioned SNPs. Conclusions: We have observed that 2 of our studied SNPs (rs283821943 and rs2032586) may elevate the expression of ABCB1 gene, through increase in mRNA stability, while this was not the case for C3435T.