• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.112-118
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• 1985

It has been known that the ginseng extracts activate the lipid metabolism in animal body. The experiments were undertaken to elucidate the effects of total, diol, and trial saponin of ginseng on the activities of acyl Co-A synthetase and hydroxyacyl Co-A dehydrogenase involved in fatty acid metabolism in normal albino rat liver. The acyl Co-A synthetase activity, in vitro, was increased by 20% with treatment of 2.5${\times}$10-3% total saponin, by 14% with 2.5${\times}$10-3% diol saponin, arid 30% with 2.5${\times}$10-4% triol saponin, respectively. And the enzyme activity was increased by 27% at 2 hours after intraperitoneal injection of total saponin. Hydroxyacyl Co-A dehydrogenase activity, in vitro, was increased by 77% with 10-4% total saponin, by 64% with 10-2% diol saponin, and by 72% with 10-3% triol saponin, respectively. Also, the enzyme activity, in vivo, was increased by 15.3% and 33% at 2 hours and 4 hours.

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.03a
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• pp.213-216
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• 2001

본 연구에 의해 Arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase (ACS4)에 관하여 이하의 것을 증명하였다. 1. Moues ACS4 cDNA와 단백질을 분석한 결과 뇌에 특이적으로 발현하는 새로운 78 kDa의 ACS4 분자종을 발견하였다. 2. Steroid 생산세포에서 ACS4는 cAMP와 AA에 의해 유도되는 것을 증명하였다. 3. ACS4의 결손은 웅성 반성접합체에서 외견, 성장, 행동, 생식에 영향을 주지 않지만, 자성 이형접합체에서는 자궁내막의 비후와 낭포 (cyst)를 발생시켜 자궁기능을 저하시키는 것을 입증하였다. 4. ACS4는 자궁내막의 발생과 황체의 퇴화과정에서 중요한 역할을 담당하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 2011

This study was carried out to estimate beneficial effects of Foeniculi fructus water extract on activities of key enzymes such as lipoprotein lipase (LPL), acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) on lipid metabolism related with obesity. LPL and ACS were extracted from the epididymal adipose tissue and liver of C57BL/6J normal and obese mouse. Foeniculi fructus water extract treatment significantly reduced the activity of normal and obese LPL. When 100 ppm of Foeniculi fructus water extracts were tested, they decreased obese LPL activity by 12.0%. Foeniculi fructus water extract activated obese ACS activity by 7-fold compared with control at 1,000 ppm concentration. Expression of HSL mRNA was increased in Foeniculi fructus water extracts treated cells compared with non treated cells. All things considered, Foeniculi fructus water extract efficiently inhibits the influx of fatty acid into the cell, and activates metabolic process that uses fatty acids flowing as an energy source. Thus, it suggest that Foeniculi fructus water extract may have great potential as a novel anti-obesity agent.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.277-285
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• 1996

In Pseudomonas fluorescens grown on malonate as sole carbon source, acetyl-CoA synthetase was induced, suggesting that malonate is metabolized through acetate and then acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA synthetase was purified 18.6-fold in 4 steps to apparent homogeneity. The native molecular mass of the enzyme estimated by a native acrylamide gel electrophoresis was 130 kDa. The enzyme was composed of two identical subunits with a molecular mass of 67 kDa. Optimum pH was 70. The acetyl-CoA synthetase showed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics for the substrates, acetate, ATP and CoA, whose $K_m$ values were calculated to be 33.4, 74.8, and 40.7 mM respectively. Propionate. butyrate and pentanoate were also used as substrates by the enzyme, but the rate of the formation of the CoA derivatives was decreased in the order of the increase in carbon number. The enzyme was inhibited by the group-specific reagents diethylpyro-carbonate, 2,3-butanedione, pyridoxal-5'-phosphate and N-bromosuccinimide. In the presence of substrates the inactivation rate of the enzyme, by all of the group-specific reagents mentioned above decreased, indicating the presence of catalytically essential histidine, arginine, lysine and tryptophan residues at or near the active site. Preincubation of the enzyme with ATP, $Mg^{2+}$ resulted in the increase of its susceptibility to diethylpyrocarbonate, suggesting that ATP, $Mg^{2+}$ may induce a conformational change in the active site exposing the essential histidine residue to diethylpyrocarbonate. The enzyme was acetylated in the presence of acetyl-CoA, indicating that this is one of acyl-enzyme.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.230-234
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• 2000

A new method to assay the capsaicinoid synthetase (CS) activity was developed by utilizing NADHcoupled enzyme systems involving pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. CS activities in Capsicum placenta, depending upon the kinetics of the NADH oxidation, revealed almost the same profile as compared with those shown using an HPLC-based method. When the substrates, 8-methyl nonanoic acid and vanillylamine, for the CS enzyme were employed separately or simultaneously, it appeared that the two-step reaction, acyl-CoA formation and condensation with vanillyla~ne, of the CS enzyme was a coupled reaction. Thus, this assay method of the CS enzyme can be considered as an alternative to the HPLC-based method, since it has the advantages of rapidity and simplicity as well as reliability when compared with the existing method.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.70-84
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• 2022

Purpose: Skeletal muscles display significant heterogeneity in metabolic responses, owing to the composition of metabolically distinct fiber types. Recently, numerous studies have reported that in skeletal muscles, suppression of genes related to fatty acid channeling alters the triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and switches the energy substrates. However, such responses may differ, depending on the type of muscle fiber. Hence, we conducted in vitro and animal studies to compare the metabolic responses of different types of skeletal muscle fibers to the deficiency of fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (Acsl)6, one of the main fatty acid-activating enzymes. Methods: Differentiated skeletal myotubes were transfected with selected Acsl6 short interfering RNA (siRNA), and C57BL/6J mice were subjected to siRNA to induce Acsl6 deficiency. TAG accumulation and expression levels of insulin signaling proteins in response to acute glucose supplementation were measured in immortalized cell-based skeletal myotubes, oxidative muscles (OM), and glycolytic muscles (GM) derived from the animals. Results: Under conditions of high glucose supplementation, suppression of the Acsl6 gene resulted in decreased TAG and glycogen synthesis in the C2C12 skeletal myotubes. The expression of Glut4, a glucose transporter, was similarly downregulated. In the animal study, the level of TAG accumulation in OM was higher than levels determined in GM. However, a similar decrease in TAG accumulation was obtained in the two muscle types in response to Acsl6 suppression. Moreover, Acsl6 suppression enhanced the phosphorylation of insulin signaling proteins (Foxo-1, mTORc-1) only in GM, while no such changes were observed in OM. In addition, the induction ratio of phosphorylated proteins in response to glucose or Acsl6 suppression was significantly higher in GM than in OM. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that Acsl6 differentially regulates the energy metabolism of skeletal muscles in response to glucose supplementation, thereby indicating that the fiber type or fiber composition of mixed muscles may skew the results of metabolic studies.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

Glucose is universal and essential fuel of energy metabolism and in the synthesis pathways of all mammalian cells. Glucose is the one of the major precursors of lactose synthesis using glycolysis result in producing milk fat and protein. During the milk fat synthesis, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and CD36 are required for glucose uptake. Various morecules such as acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2), ACACA, FASN AGPAT6, GPAM, LPIN1 are closely related with milk fat synthesis. Additionally, glucose plays a major role for synthesizing lactose. Activations of lactose synthesize enzymes such as membranebound enzyme, beta-1,4-galactosyl transferase (B4GALT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) are changed by concentration of glucose in blood resulting change of amount of lactose production. Glucose transporters are a wide group of membrane proteins that facilitate the transport of glucose over a plasma membrane. There are 2 types of glucose transporters which consisted facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT); and sodium-dependent transport, mediated by the Na+/glucose cotransporters (SGLT). Among them, GLUT1, GLUT8, GLUT12, SGLT1, SGLT2 are main glucose transporters which involved in mammary gland development and milk synthesis. However, more studies are required for revealing clear mechanism and function of other unknown genes and transporters. Therefore, understanding of the mechanisms of glucose usage and its regulation in mammary gland is very essential for enhancing the glucose utilization in the mammary gland and improving dairy productivity and efficiency.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.510-517
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• 2013

This study was performed to evaluate the antiobesity effect of supercritical fluid extracts (SFC) and marc methanol extracts (SFM) from Cinnamomum verum in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. In inducing the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the presence of an adipogenic cocktail, iso-butylmethylanthine (IBMX), dexamathasone, and insulin, treatment with fraction residue SFC and SFM. SFC significantly reduced the mRNA expression of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activate-dreceptor-${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$), the sterol regulatory-element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), and the CCAAT enhancer-binding-protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, SFC markedly down-regulated acyl-CoA synthetase-1 (ASC1), fatty acid synthesis (FAS), fatty acid transport-1 (FATP1), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), and perilipin. These findings suggest that SFC may be a potential therapeutic adjunct for obesity by targeting the differentiation of preadipocytes, as well as their functions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.537-547
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• 2018

Objective: This study was performed to understand transcriptional changes in the genes involved in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways following castration of bulls. Methods: Twenty Korean bulls were weaned at average 3 months of age, and castrated at 6 months. Liver tissues were collected from bulls (n = 10) and steers (n = 10) of Korean cattle, and hepatic gene expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We examined hepatic transcription levels of genes encoding enzymes for irreversible reactions in both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis as well as genes encoding enzymes for the utilization of several glucogenic substrates. Correlations between hepatic gene expression and carcass characteristics were performed to understand their associations. Results: Castration increased the mRNA (3.6 fold; p<0.01) and protein levels (1.4 fold; p<0.05) of pyruvate carboxylase and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase genes (1.7 fold; p<0.05). Hepatic mRNA levels of genes encoding the glycolysis enzymes were not changed by castration. Castration increased mRNA levels of both lactate dehydrogenase A (1.5 fold; p<0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase B (2.2 fold; p<0.01) genes for lactate utilization. Castration increased mRNA levels of glycerol kinase (2.7 fold; p<0.05) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (1.5 fold; p<0.05) genes for glycerol utilization. Castration also increased mRNA levels of propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta (mitochondrial) (3.5 fold; p<0.01) and acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 3 (1.3 fold; p = 0.06) genes for propionate incorporation. Conclusion: Castration increases transcription levels of critical genes coding for enzymes involved in irreversible gluconeogenesis reactions from pyruvate to glucose and enzymes responsible for incorporation of glucogenic substrates including lactate, glycerol, and propionate. Hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression levels were associated with intramuscular fat deposition.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1558-1567
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• 2023

Objective: Dietary green cabbage was evaluated for its impact on fatty acid synthetic ability in different adipose tissues during fattening of Wanxi White geese. Methods: A total of 256 Wanxi White geese at their 70 days were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 4 replicates and fed 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% fresh green cabbage (relative to dry matter), respectively, in each group. Adipose tissues (subcutaneous and abdominal fat), liver and blood were collected from 4 birds in each replicate at their 70, 80, 90, and 100 days for fatty acid composition, relative gene expression and serum lipid analysis. Two-way or three-way analysis of variance was used for analysis. Results: The contents of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) were feeding time dependently increased. The C16:0 and stearic acid (C18:0) were higher in abdominal fat, while C16:1, oleic acid (C18:1), and C18:2 were higher in subcutaneous fat. Geese fed 45% green cabbage exhibited highest level of C18:3. Geese fed green cabbage for 30 d exhibited higher level of C16:0 and C18:0 in abdominal fat, while geese fed 30% to 45% green cabbage exhibited higher C18:3 in subcutaneous fat. The expression of Acsl1 (p = 0.003) and Scd1 (p<0.0001) were decreased with green cabbage addition. Interaction between feeding time and adipose tissue affected elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 6 (Elovl6), acyl-CoA synthetase longchain family member 1 (Acsl1), and stearoly-coA desaturase 1 (Scd1) gene expression levels (p = 0.013, p = 0.003, p = 0.005). Feeding time only affected serum lipid levels of free fatty acid and chylomicron. Higher contents of C16:0, C18:1, and C18:3 were associated with greater mRNA expression of Scd1 (p<0.0001), while higher level of C18:2 was associated with less mRNA expression of Scd1 (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Considering content of C18:2 and C18:3, 30% addition of green cabbage could be considered for fattening for 30 days in Wanxi White geese.