• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.280-287
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• 2000

참보라색우무는 우리나라 연근해에서 쉽게 채취할 수 있는 미이용 해조류로서 해조류에서 새로운 천연항균성물질을 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 얻을 목적으로 항균성물질을 각종 칼럼을 통하여 분리정제하였으며, MS, NMR spectrum에 의하여 구조를 확인하였고, X선회절분석으로 결정구조를 해석하였다. 또한 이들 물질이 가지는 몇가지 특성을 조사하였다. 참보라색우무 670 g 중에서 최종적으로 세 개의 항균성물질(SL-l, SL-2, SL-3)이 각각 85 mg, 135 mg, 27.7 mg을 얻었다. SL-1 및 SL-2는 MS 및 NMR에 의하여 2,3,6-tribromof,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol (MW, 374) ,2,3,6-trib romo4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (MW, 388)이였으며, 특히 SL-2를 벤젠-디에틸 에테르 용매중에서 결정화하여 X선 결정 해석에 의하여서도 구조가 확인되었다. 한편 SL-3는 SL-2와 MS 및 carbon NMR spectrum에서 잘 일치하였으나 proton NMR에서 signal의 패턴이 약간 달라 SL-2의 어떤 이성질체라고 추정되었다. 참보라색우무 항균성물질의 마우스에 대한 치사독성은 SL-1은 3 mg, SL-2는 5 mg까지는 별다른 영향을 미치지 않았으며, PhIP 및 MeIQx에 대한 돌연변이원성 억제효과는 SL-1은 $200 {\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서는 $17.8 {\%}$ 및 $17.7 {\%}$에 미치지 않았으나SL-2는 $250 {\mu}g/ml$의 농도에서는 높은 억제효과를 나타내어 새로운 보존료로서의 이용가능성을 제시하였다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.164-171
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• 2009

Purpose: The number of patients who take warfarin is growing and so is the number of complications. Hemorrhage is the major complication, but the clinical characteristics and outcomes have not been determined for Korean patients. Therefore, we tried to evaluate the characteristics of the patients with hemorrhagic complications after taking warfarin as anticoagulation therapy. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the patients who visited the emergency room with bleeding complications after taking warfarin anticoagulation at the out-patient clinic for 1 year from 1 st January 2008. We compared between two groups (the major hemorrhage group vs. the minor hemorrhage group) according to the clinical criteria, the unstable vital signs that required blood transfusion, transfusion more than 2 units of blood, the need for further laboratory follow-up, the need for interventional treatment and the development of critical complications or death due to bleeding. Results: There were 150 patients who met the criteria and had acute hemorrhagic complications (the major group: 90 patients and the minor group: 60 patients). In the major hemorrhage group, the frequent sites of bleeding were the gastro-intestinal system (40 patients), lung (14 patients) and intracranium (7 patients). At the emergency room, the major group showed a higher initial INR of the activated prothrombin time than did the minor group (p=0.02). The bleeding sites of the fatal cases were the gastro-intestinal system (3 patients), lung (3 patients) and intracranium (3 patients), but the percentage of fatality was the highest for intracranium bleeding. Conclusion: In the major hemorrhage group, gastrointestinal bleeding was the most frequent complication and fatality was the highest for intracranium bleeding. An initially higher INR showed a greater risk of major bleeding, but not more fatalities.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.303-309
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• 2005

Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) is the major mariculture fish in Korea. The annual aquaculture production of olive flounder in Korea during the period of 2003 was 300,000 ton (2002 Statistics, Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries, Korea Government). Anesthetics is very necessary in aquaculture to minimize stress and damage during harvesting, grading, transportation, spawning induction and handling to fish. In the present study, isoeugenol as new anesthetic in marine fish, especially olive flounder, was examined to know the efficacy and proper concentration. As a result, olive flounder adult was exhibited sedation at 5 ppm at 10 and $15^{\circ}C$, and 7.5 ppm at $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Anesthesia was required at least 10, 7.5 and 10 ppm at $10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$ and at $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. In case of fry, the effect of sedation was observed from 2.5 ppm at $10^{\circ}C$ and 5 ppm at 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Anesthesia was observed from 2.5 ppm at $10^{\circ}C$, 5 ppm at 15 and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively. In acute toxicity test, it was impossible to explore $LD_{50}$ with the concentration of isoeugenol adult at $15^{\circ}C$ used, but over immersion volume of 15 ppm at $15^{\circ}C$ was observed mortality in fry. Based on the present study, isoeugenol was identified as a safe and active anesthetic to olive flounder.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

We have synthesized $^{99m}$Tc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3)-biocytin as a new imaging agent for hepatobiliary scintigraphy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin scintigraphy in differentiating carbon tetrachloride ( $CCl_4$)-induced hepatotoxicity from $\alpha$-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestasis in mice, which reflecting the differential diagnosis of neonatal jaundice caused by neonatal hepatitis from congenital biliary atresia in humans. Methods: Balb/c mice (female, 20 g, n=4-6) were pretreated with $CCl_4$(0.5 or $1.0m\ell$/kg) and ANIT ($150 or 300 m\ell$/kg) 18 h before scintigraphy. Biochemical and histopathological examinations showed a pattern of typical acute hepatitis (increase of transaminases and hepatocellular necnsis) in $CCl_4$-treated mice and cholestasis (increase of alkaline phosphatase and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase, and biliary hyperplasia) in ANIT-treated mice, respectively, Mice were fasted at least 4 hr prior to the intravenous injection of $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin (18.5 MBq/20$\mu\textrm{g}$) in 2% human serum albumin in saline. Scintigraphy was performed with a ${\gamma}$-camera equipped with a 1-mm diameter pin-hole collimator for 30 min and images were acquired every 15 s. We compared the values of physical parameters, such as peak liver/heart ratio ($${\gamma}$_{max}$) and peak ratio time ($t_{max}$) far $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin scintigraphy. Results: Scintigraphic parameters of the $CCl_4$-pretreated (0.5 $m\ell$/kg) group showed a 81.9% decrease of r$_{max}$, and 42.2% decrease of $t_{max}$, whereas the ANIT-pretreated ( $150m\ell$/kg) group showed a 53% decrease of $r_{max}$, and 2.36-fold increase of $t_{max}$, (P<0.05). These results demonstrate that the decrease of $r_{max}$ and the shortening of $t_{max}$ are characteristic features for hepatotoxicity, in contrast to the increase of $t_{max}$ and decrease of $r_{max}$ for biliary hyperplasia. Conclusion: $^{99m}$Tc-MAG3-biocytin hepatobiliary scintigraphy can distinguish hepatitis from cholestasis in mice model and may be similarly useful in humans which differentiating the cause of neonatal jaundice in clinical study.cal study.cal study.cal study.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.131-138
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• 2003

수도용 농약의 미꾸리에 대한 영향 평가를 위한 야외포장 시험방법을 설정하기 위하여 미꾸리가 서식하고 있는 실제 포장에서 수도용 농약인 아이비 엽제 (17%), 다수진 엽제 (3%), 그리고 부타크로르 입제 (5%)의 미꾸리에 대한 영향을 시험하였다. 시험 케이지는 미꾸리의 스트레스를 최소화 할 수 있는 아래 윗면이 트인 사각 스테인레스 케이지가 적당하였고, 수온 유지와 해적으로부터 보호하기 위한 차광망과 방조 망의 사용이 필수적이었다. 아이비 입제, 다이아지논 입제 그리고 부타크로르 입제에 대한 7일간 미꾸리 누적 치사율은 각각 10, 55, 22% 이었다. 특히 약제 처리 2일후 논물 중 평균 농약잔류량은 각각 1.67, 0.22, 0.26 mg/L이었으며, 치사율은 각각 7, 50, 17%로 나타났다. 이는 실내 급성독성시험을 통한 각각의 급성독성 시험결과와 유사하였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.911-920
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• 2006

Phenolic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a commonly used food preservative with broad biological activities, including protection against chemical-induced carcinogenesis, acute toxicity of chemicals, modulation of macromolecule synthesis and immune response, induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes, as well as its undesirable potential tumor-promoting activities. Understanding the molecular basis underlying these diverse biological actions of BHA is thus of great importance. Here we studied the pharmacokinetics, activation of signaling kinases and induction of phase II/III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporter gene expression by BHA in the mice. The peak plasma concentration of BHA achieved in our current study after oral administration of 200 mg/kg BHA was around $10\;{\mu}M$. This in vivo concentration might offer some insights for the many in vitro cell culture studies on signal transduction and induction of phase II genes using similar concentrations. The oral bioavailability (F) of BHA was about 43% in the mice. In the mouse liver, BHA induced the expression of phase II genes including NQO-1, HO-1, ${\gamma}-GCS$, GST-pi and UGT 1A6, as well as some of the phase III transporter genes, such as MRP1 and Slco1b2. In addition, BHA activated distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), as well as p38, suggesting that the MAPK pathways may play an important role in early signaling events leading to the regulation of gene expression including phase II drug metabolizing and some phase III drug transporter genes. This is the first study to demonstrate the in vivo pharmacokinetics of BHA, the in vivo activation of MAPK signaling proteins, as well as the in vivo induction of Phase II/III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters in the mouse livers.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.136-143
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• 1986

구기자추출물(枸杞子抽出物)을 시료(試料)로 mouse의 독성실험(毒性實驗), 실험적(實驗的)으로 유발(誘發)시킨 가토(家兎)의 간장기능장애(肝臟機能障碍) 및 alloxan부하당뇨병(負荷糖尿病)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 실험(實驗)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. Mouse의 급성독성실험(急性毒性實驗)에서 복강투여(腹腔投與)의 경우 평균치사량(平均致死量)은 12.17g/kg이었다. 2. $CC1_4$로 간장기능장애(肝臟機能障碍)가 유발(誘發)된 가토(家兎)에 구기자추출물투여(枸杞子抽出物投與)는 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 유의성(有意性)있는 회복도(回復度)를 보였는데 특(特)히 대량투여군(大量投與群)에서 더욱 빨랐다. 1) GPT활성도(活性度) 및 total bilirubin은 시료투여군(試料投與群)에서 아주 우수(優秀)한 저하효과(低下效果)를 나타냈다. 특(特)히 GPT활성도(活性度)에서 200mg/kg은 제(第)8일(日)째부터, 800mg/kg은 제(第)6일(日)째부터 유의성(有意性)이 있었다. 2) Alkaline phosphatase치는(値) 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 커다란 차이를 보이지 않았다. 3) Alloxan으로 유발(誘發)한 가토(家兎)의 고혈당(高血糖)에 대하여 800mg/kg는 아주 탁월한 혈당강하효과(血糖降下效果)를 나타냈다. 즉(卽) 제(第)4일(日)째부터 대조군(對照群)에 비하여 유의성(有意性)이 있었으며 제(第)12일(日)째는 정상치(正常値)에 거의 접근(接近)하였다. 또한 GPT활성도(活性度)는 차츰 저하(低下)되어 제(第)6일(日)째부터 저하효과(低下效果)가 뚜렷하였다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.148-154
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• 2015

Onion (Allium cepa) is one of the flavonoids-rich materials in human diet and onion peel, which is the onion by-products, contains over 20 times more quercetin than the flesh. In this study, to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of onion peel hot water extract (OPHWE), the cell viability, nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interluekin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and IL-$1{\beta}$, were measured using the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 cells. The Balb/c mice were used for an in vivo acute toxicity test and ICR mice were used for measurement of inhibition effects of croton oil-induced mouse ear edema. As a result, NO levels decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The production of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-$1{\beta}$ was suppressed by 38%, 41%, and 34% respectively, compared with that of the LPS only group, without any cytotoxicity. The edema formation in the ICR mouse ear was also reduced compared to that in control. Moreover, there were no mortalities occurred in mice administered 5,000 mg/kg body weight of OPHWE. These results suggest that OPHWE has considerable anti-inflammatory activities and can be regarded as a potent candidate material to treat inflammatory diseases.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.234-244
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was carried out in order to analyze the composition of the leaves and stems of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai, with the aim of obtaining basic data for utilizing the plant as a food ingredient, as well as for processing. Methods: Leaves and stems from Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai were harvested at Cheongcheon-myeon, Geosan-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do, and were subsequently freeze-dried and ground to a fine powder for chemical component analysis and safety evaluation. Results: The moisture contents of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai leaves and stems were respectively 65.07% and 40.97%, and the crude ash contents were 1.32% and 0.91%. In addition, the crude protein contents were 11.97% and 3.77%, and the crude fat contents were 2.52% and 0.36%, respectively. The fructose and glucose contents were 32.13 mg/g and 56.17 mg/g for leaves, and 11.38 mg/g and 10.59 mg/g for stems. The major fatty acids of the leaves were palmitic acid (31.79%) and stearic acid (14.79%), and those for stems were linolenic acid (32.78%) and palmitic acid (26.75%). The ascorbic acid contents of leaves and stems were 1.32 mg/g and 0.30 mg/g respectively. The calcium content was found to be the highest among the minerals tested, both in the leaves and stems, with the levels being 166.17 mg/100 g for leaves and 592.34 mg/100 g for stems. The content of organic acid was greater in leaves than in stems, with that of malic acid accounting for more than 75% of total organic acids for both samples. The total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai were 50.64 mg/g and 13.53 mg/g in leaves and 96.47 mg/g and 18.53 mg/g in stems, respectively. No changes were shown in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) among 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes compared to the negative control. Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai was administered orally to rats in order to investigate acute toxicity. The $LD_{50}$ values in rats were above 2,000 mg/kg. Conclusion: These results indicate that the leaves and stems of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai can be used as natural ingredients in the development of nutritional and functional materials.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.94-100
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• 2017

Purpose: Acute acetaminophen intoxication is a common occurrence that can cause lethal complications. In most domestic emergency departments, clinicians tend to treat acetaminophen intoxication based on patients' history alone, simply due to the lack of a rapid acetaminophen laboratory test. We performed a 20-month study of intoxication patients to determine the correlation between the history of patients and serum laboratory tests for acetaminophen. Methods: We took blood samples from 280 intoxication patients to evaluate whether laboratory findings detected traces of acetaminophen in the sample. Patients were then treated according to their history. Laboratory results came out after patients' discharge. Agreement between patients' history and laboratory results were analyzed. Results: Among the 280 intoxicated patients enrolled, 38 patients had positive serum acetaminophen concentrations; 18 out of 38 patients did not represent a history suggesting acetaminophen intoxication. One patient without the history showed toxic serum acetaminophen concentration. Among the patients with the history, two patients with toxic serum acetaminophen concentration did not receive N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment due to their low reported doses, while other 2 patients without significant serum acetaminophen concentration did receive NAC treatment due to their high reported doses. Conclusion: This study showed a good overall agreement between history and laboratory test results. However, some cases showed inconsistencies between their history and laboratory test results. Therefore, in treating intoxication patients, a laboratory test of acetaminophen with rapid results should be available in most domestic emergency departments.