• 패션비즈니스
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.26-42
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• 2003

On-line clothes sale are on the increase, and the returns(for replacements or refunds) of the clothes are also increasing. Many studies on off-line consumers' complaints were made before, but few studies on the returns of clothes sold on-line have been made. From this viewpoint, this study was conducted to know what effect returns of clothes sold on-line have on their brands. Therefore, this study was first focused on the factors affecting complaint acts(return intention or return acts) such as lack of information and recognition of product, delivery errors and product defects concerning on-line sales, and second investigated the changes of buyers' attitude toward the brand following the their acts of returning the buyers, and third looked into the changes of on-line buyers' attitude toward the brand. The study is carried out by subdividing the objects of the study into return action(replacement, refundment) and purchasers who experienced return intention. Such experience is demonstratively analyzed to find how it has affected the attitude toward the brand. The study comes up with the following outcomes. First, the effect factor causing complaint action(return action, return intention) on-line is shown as the lack of the information and recognition of the product. Second, it is revealed that the effect factor causing complaint(return action, return intention) does not lie in an error in delivery or a defect of a product. Third, the positive response of a brand to a return action does not raise the repurchasing intention and positive attitude of purchasers who experienced returning a product, but lowers their private complaint action intention. Fourth, the repurchase intention of purchasers who experienced return intention for the brand is lowered, but their negative attitude and private complaint action intention is not raised.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2003

Ginseng has been recommended to alleviate the menopausal symptoms, which indicates that components of ginseng very likely contain estrogenic activity. We have examined the possibility that a component of Panax ginseng, $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ acts by binding to estrogen receptor. We have investigated the estrogenic activity of $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ in a transient transfection system using estrogen-responsive luciferase plasmids in MCF-7 cells. $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ activated the transcription of the estrogen-responsive luciferase reporter gene in MCF-7 breast cancer cells at a concentration of 50 $\mu$M. Activation was inhibited by the specific estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780, indicating that the estrogenic effect of $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ is estrogen receptor dependent. Next, we evaluated the ability of $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ to induce the estrogen-responsive gene c-fos by semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays and Western analyses. $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ increased c-fos both at mRNA and protein levels. However, $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ failed to activate the glucocorticoid receptor, the retinoic acid receptor, or the androgen receptor in CV-1 cells transiently transfected with the corresponding steroid hormone receptors and hormone responsive reporter plasmids. These data support our hypothesis that $ginsenoside-R_{b1}$ acts a weak phytoestrogen, presumably by binding and activating the estrogen receptor.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2015

TGF-${\beta}$ regulates pleiotropic cellular responses including cell growth, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, extracellular matrix production, and many other biological processes. Although non-Smad signaling pathways are being increasingly reported to play many roles in TGF-${\beta}$-mediated biological processes, Smads, especially receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads), still play a central mediatory role in TGF-${\beta}$ signaling for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Thus, the biological activities of R-Smads are tightly regulated at multiple points. Inhibitory Smad (I-Smad also called Smad7) acts as a critical endogenous negative feedback regulator of Smad-signaling pathways by inhibiting R-Smad phosphorylation and by inducing activated type I TGF-${\beta}$ receptor degradation. Roles played by Smad7 in health and disease are being increasingly reported, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate Smad7 are not well understood. In this study, we show that E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch acts as a positive regulator of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling and of subsequent EMT-related gene expression. Interestingly, the Itch-mediated positive regulation of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling was found to be dependent on Smad7 ubiquitination and its subsequent degradation. Further study revealed Itch acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase for Smad7 polyubiquitination, and thus, that Itch is an important regulator of Smad7 activity and a positive regulator of TGF-${\beta}$ signaling and of TGF-${\beta}$-mediated biological processes. Accordingly, the study uncovers a novel regulatory mechanism whereby Smad7 is controlled by Itch.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.385-395
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• 2014

This study is one of the research series for providing basic data that would contribute to the development of the field of fishing industry through the systematic fishing management, protection of fishery resources and healthy fishing culture with safety measures for fishermen in Jeju island according to the implementation of "Fishing Management and Support Act". As a result of analyzing the related acts, the contents of this study are related with provisions of "Fishing management and Support Act" on acts on fishing management, fish bait management, support for fishing and fishing related industries and with provisions of "Act of the preservation and management of desert island" on the preservation, use and development of desert island (use and development in a desert island, behavior in usable desert island). As a result of the survey, the rocks on the seashore showed the highest popularity with 52.6% for fishermen and the seawall was the highest with 47.1% for Maritime police as their fishing place in the fishing related activity data. And as the survey result about the awareness of "Fishing management and Support Act", 65.2% of general fishermen, 36.0% of maritime police and 70.5% of fishing related agencies answered that they knew the act. It was also surveyed whether they consider its contribution to fishing related industry development and positive result was shown by general fishermen and maritime police with 46.8%, 48.0% respectively whereas fishing-related enterprises showed negative answer with 47.7%. In the survey of fishing related regulation standard, general fishermen, maritime police and fishing related agencies all showed different opinions regarding the regulation standard. It is recommended that regulation standard needs to be set up after detailed review.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.121-134
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• 2019

우리나라의 해양경찰권이 미치는 해역은 크게 내수, 영해, 접속수역, 배타적 경제수역, 대륙붕(이하 "국내해역"이라 한다) 및 공해로 구분하고 있으며, 이 중 국내해역에서의 해양경찰권은 국제법인 "해양법에 관한 국제연합 협약"을 수용한 국내법을 따른다. 그 밖에 공해에서는 이 협약을 따르도록 하고 있다. 한편, 국내해역을 벗어난 공해에서는 자국 선박이외 외국선박에 있어서는 해적행위 등 이 협약에서 금지하고 있는 반인류적 범죄행위에 한해 제한적으로 관할권을 허용하고 있다. 하지만 공해상에서 연안국의 해양안보와 선박의 안전을 위협하는 외국선박의 불법행위는 반인류적 범죄 이외 여러 유형의 범죄(case)가 발생할 수 있고 명확한 명문규정 없이 이에 행사된 연안국의 관할권은 국가 간 분쟁을 가져올 수 있는 개연성이 높다 할 것이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 공해상에서 국제 해양질서를 유지하고, 연안국의 해양경찰권을 안정적으로 확보하기 위한 제도적 개선방안에 대해 제시하고자 한다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2019

The rural development policies and projects in Korea has been implemented with various related acts. For instance, these acts include Framework Act on the National Land, National Land Planning Utilization Act, Special Act on Balanced National Development, etc, enacted by each of adminstration. However, there are some limitations to encourage the variety of rural development policies due to duplication and overlapping between the relevant acts. Nowadays, the fields of rural development have been evolved and integrated not only by agricultural infrastructures but also in various fields such as multi-functional industry including rural tourism, green care, and cultural welfare, etc. Therefore, the current legal system may not effectively accept and support in various rural development policies and projects at all. This study tried to figure out the necessity of reorganization related legal system through the field survey to planners, residents and analysts regarding the correlation between legal systems and projects. For these reasons, this study tried to find out the problem of current legal system and then, suggested alternative methods related to the legal system for integrated rural development. The scope of the study is as follows; 1)correlation analysis between relevant laws and rural development projects. 2)field survey to figure out the legitimacy and validity for the reorganization of the legal system. At last the result of the research has suggested an alternative method to reorganize the legal system and proposed the new legal system with is good for integrated rural development.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 2023

항공 테러는 역사적으로 다양한 형태의 공격 방법으로 민간항공의 취약한 부분을 공격해왔다. 최근 테러 수법은 승객과 별개의 전용 통로 사용, 개인물품 운반, 민감한 정보 접근 등의 권한을 가진 항공업계 종사자로 인한 것으로 보안 위협이 높아지고 있다. 또한, 전 세계적으로 인터넷과 소셜 미디어 등을 통한 급진화 현상으로 인한 내부자 위협은 더욱 고조되고 있는 실정이다. 대한민국 정부는 해외에서 발생한 내부자 보안 사례와 국제민간항공기구 및 미국, 영국 등에서 수립, 권고한 지침 등을 참고하여 항공보안의 불법방해행위에 직간접적으로 악용될 수 있는 내부자 위협에 대해 보안 규정을 사전에 수립하여 대처하여야 한다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2023

Gas has replaced coal or petroleum as primary fuel because of its convenience. However, gas has risk of fire, explosion, or poisoning. To reduce gas-related accidents, many strategic projects have been being carried based on 'Gas Safety Management Basic Plans' on a domestic scale. In spite of those projects, the gas-related accident rate did not decrease over past decades. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of ongoing projects, and to find out ways to make improvements. Conventional statistical analyses on accident data published by gas-related institutions were not useful to determine meaningful attributes to predict future. Whereas, accident case analyses adopted in the present study discovered differences in the type of people and their unsafe acts for each gas type. Meanwhile, the overall average priority of projects was not high in the aspect of System Safety Precedence. If the current trend is maintained, with sigmoid functions, it can be estimated that mean annual accident rate will decrease by only 2.0% in the next two decades. To improve the current trend, the present study made conclusions as followings: (1) safety projects should be designed with careful consideration of accident traits including gas type, unsafe acts, and persons involved and (2) alternative strategies should include system considerations such as minimum hazard design and safety devices prior to mere education or training. To summarize briefly, the present state related with gas accidents highlights the necessity of a system-based multidisciplinary approach.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제41권
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• pp.200-231
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• 2008

본 연구는 최근의 국내 케이블TV에서 묘사되고 있는 폭력적 장면들을 대상으로 다양한 맥락적 차원에서의 포괄적인 내용 분석을 실시하였다. 전반적으로 폭력행위를 둘러싼 다양한 맥락적 요소들은 장르별로 상당히 차별적인 분포를 보였다. 스포츠 채널이나 어린이 채널에서는 여타 장르와는 전혀 다른 등장인물의 성별 연령별 특성이 두드러졌으며, 영화 장르에서는 고전적인 악당과 영웅의 대립구도가 보다 선명한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 폭력의 희화는 연예 오락 장르에서 가장 많이 일어났으며 어린이 프로그램에서도 상당수의 폭력이 희화된 것으로 관찰되었다. 폭력의 동기로는 개인 집단의 이익이 전반적으로 빈번한 폭력행위의 주요 동기로 분석되었으나, 드라마나 영화 장르의 경우 분노 보복으로 인한 폭력도 상당히 빈번히 묘사되었으며, 연예 오락 장르의 경우는 단순재미가 현저히 높은 폭력동기의 비중을 차지했다. 한편, 시청등급별 분석에 있어서는 장르별 분석에서처럼 분류기준별 맥락 요인의 분포 차이가 크지 않았다. 다만, 7세 시청가 프로그램들에서 다른 등급에서와 달리 주요 맥락변인에 따라 일정 수준의 분포 차이를 보였는데, 주로 청소년층의 남성 인물에 의한 폭력이 자주 묘사되었으며, 폭력행위에 대한 처벌 빈도 역시 타 장르에 비해 상대적으로 높은 수치를 보였다. 주목할 점은 전체 시청가에 해당하는 프로그램에 나타난 폭력의 맥락화 수준이 다른 상위 시청등급의 프로그램들과 크게 다르지 않다는 것이다. 이런 결과는 프로그램 시청등급제의 제도적 취지와는 달리 적어도 맥락화된 폭력의 관점에서는 등급의 의미가 크지 않다는 점을 암시하고 있다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.165-180
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• 2008

본 연구는 교통법규 위반과 교통사고 야기에 밀접한 운전자의 운전성향에 대해, 미시적인 통계분석 기법인 Q 분석 기법을 활용하여 분석함으로서, 운전성향과의 관련성에 근거한 교통법규 위반 및 교통사고 감소에 효과적인 교통안전대책을 제시하고자 하는데 그 목적을 두고자 하였다. 그 결과 교통법규 위반자들은 5가지의 운전성향으로, 교통사고 야기자들은 6가지의 운전성향으로 유형화하여 분석할 수 있었다. 이러한 유형별 운전성향 특성 분석을 통해, 운전성향별 교통법규 위반 및 교통사고 감소대책을 수립할 수 있었다. 이번 연구의 성과는 다음과 같다. 첫째. 교통법규 위반과 교통사고를 일으키는 데 결정적인 운전자의 운전성향을 내적 요인과 외적 요인으로 분류할 수 있었다. 각각의 운전성향이 교통법규 위반과 교통사고 야기에 어떠한 영향을 미치게 되었는지를 비교적 명확하게 파악할 수 있었다. 또한 사고호발성향을 지닌 위험 운전자 표본을 찾아낸 것도 본 연구의 성과라 할 수 있다. 둘째. 현재 시점에서 연구대상이 된 비정상 운전자들의 요인별 운전특성을 유형화하고 분석한 결과, 교통 법규 위반 및 사고 감소를 위한 대책을 중점대책과 보완대책으로 비교적 명확하게 구분하여 수립할 수 있었다. 셋째. 교통사고 야기와 가장 밀접하게 관련을 갖고 있는 운수업체의 입장에서는 여객운수 종사자들의 신규 채용 시 이들의 운전성향을 사전에 파악하여 채용 여부를 결정하거나, 채용 후 운전성향에 맞는 교통사고 예방을 위한 교통안전교육에도 이를 적극적으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.