• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1361-1366
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• 2007

In this project, ovarian size and activity during the peak (November-April) and the low (May-October) breeding seasons in young and adult camels were studied. Ovaries of 92 camels (Camelus dromedarius), with clinically normal reproductive tracts, aged 3-15 years and slaughtered at Faisalabad or Lahore abattoirs over a period of 24 months, were collected. Jugular blood was collected from each animal before slaughter; the serum was separated and analyzed for oestradiol concentration. The size (length, width and thickness) and weight of each ovary were measured. Grossly observable Graafian follicles were counted and their diameter was measured using Vernier Calipers. The camels having ovaries presenting follicles more than 5 mm in diameter were taken as having active ovaries. The results showed that ovarian length, width and weight were significantly higher (p<0.05) during the peak than the low breeding season. The percentage of active ovaries was also significantly higher (p<0.01) during the peak than the low breeding season. However, the effect of season on ovarian thickness was non-significant. Similarly, the ovarian length, width, thickness, weight and activity did not vary significantly between young (3-7 years old) and adult (8-15 years old) animals. Serum oestradiol concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) during the peak ($67.70{\pm}1.36$ pg/ml) than the low breeding season ($15.25{\pm}1.54$ pg/ml). It was concluded that in Pakistani camels ovarian size and activity were higher during the peak than the low breeding season. However, age of the camel (from 3 to 15 years) had no effect on these parameters.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between the daily routines and physical environments of daycare centers. Methods: A total of 20 classes at 8 different daycare centers from the metropolitan city of Daejeon were investigated. Trained observers visited each daycare center more than 3 times and collected data about daily routines using the Observational Log for Daily Routines in Daycare Centers. Also, the physical environments of each class were investigated in terms of actual size, layout of activity center, etc. Results and Conclusion: Results of the study were: first, daily routines of daycare centers could be divided into 2 distinguishable types by cluster analysis- 'free play oriented' and 'group activity oriented' Second, the amount of space each child has in a classroom differed according to the total size of the classroom. An average of 7 activity centers existed in each classroom. Third, there was a difference between free play oriented and group activity oriented groups in terms of the classroom size allocated for each child and the organization of the activity centers.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2007

The preservation of biological activity of protein drugs in formulation is still a major challenge for successful drug delivery. Lipase was encapsulated in poly (D,L-lactide- co-glycolide) PLGA nano-particles using a w/o/w solvent evaporation technique. The lipase-containing PLGA/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanoparticles were characterized with regard to morphology, size, size distribution, lipase-loading efficiency, in vitro lipase release, and stability of lipase activity. The size of nanoparticles increased as polymer concentration was increased. The size of particles was not significantly affected by the PVA concentration; on the other hand, the particle size distribution was the narrowest when 4% of PVA was used. In optimum conditions, we possessed nanoparticles that characterized 72.5% of encapsulation efficiency, $198.3{\pm}13.8 nm$ size diameter. During the initial burst phase, the in vitro release rate was very fast, reaching 83% within 12 days. Until days 6, enzyme activity increased as the amount of lipase released was increased.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2019

The Origanum vulgare L.-mediated synthesis of Ag nanoparticles was successfully realized within the present study. Various concentrations of the $AgNO_3$ used as a silver precursor (1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 100 mM) were used. Very rapid formation of Ag nanoparticles was observed, as only minutes were necessary for the completion of the reaction. With the increasing concentration, red shift of the surface plasmon resonance peak was observed in the Vis spectra. According to photon cross-correlation spectroscopy results, the finest grain size distribution was obtained for the 2.5 mM sample. The transmission electron microscopy analysis of this sample has shown bimodal size distribution with larger crystallites with 100 nm size and smaller around 10 nm. The antibacterial activity was also the best for this sample so the positive correlation between good grain size distribution and antibacterial activity was found. The in-depth discussion of antibacterial activity with related works from the materials science point of view is provided, namely emphasizing the role of effective nanoparticles distribution within the plant extract or matrix. The antibacterial activity seems to be governed by both content of Ag nanoparticles and their effective distribution. This work contributes to still expanding environmentally acceptable field of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.65-82
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to statistically summarize the effect sizes using meta-analysis of various Kigong programs implemented on the subject of physical health of the elderly. Including 23 academic journal studies and 11 thesis studies reported domestically until 2016, a total of 34 studies were selected and analyzed to verify the effect sizes of programs, program types, measuring variables, and activity elements. The findings are as follows. First, it was found that the programs were midium effective with overall average effect size showing .748(p<.001). A program of Tai-Chi indicated the largest effect size of .836(p<.001). In terms of measuring variables, physical strength showed the largest effect size of .806(p<.001). In terms of gender by group, it was found that groups consisting only of men indicated the largest effect size of 2.388(p<.001). As for effect size by group of disease state, normal group with showed the highest effect size of .804(p<.001). Second, in activity elements, 31~60 by the group size has the largest effect size of .873(p<.001), total number of sessions for 31~40 sessions indicated the largest effect value of .829(p<.001). As for number of sessions per week, 5 sessions showed largest effect value of .918(p<.001), in terms of activity time, 50 minutes showed large effect value of 1.391(p<.001). As summarized above, Kigong programs are midium effective for physical health of the elderly, as an activity elements to consider when configuring the program, for group size 31~60, 31~40 sessions in total, 5 sessions per week and 50 minutes per sessions were recommended.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.2979-2984
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• 2014

Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized by liquid-phase and alcohol reduction methods. Silver-doped silica-complex nanoparticles were prepared using a sol-gel process. The formation, structure, morphology, and particle size of the nanoparticles have been studied using several techniques. Silver nanoparticles of size of 30-40 nm were formed successfully by alcohol reduction. TEM images show that both the concentration and the molecular weight of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) considerably affect the size of the emerging silver nanoparticles. The number of silver-doped silica-complex particles increased by a mercapto-group treatment that showed a narrower size distribution than that of silica treated with amino groups. The silver/polyester and silver-doped silica/polyester masterbatch chips showed excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2007

This paper sought to investigate pupil size variability, pupil size parameters in terms of time domain and frequency domain, the autonomic activity change induced by posture change, degree of sleepiness and cognitive task (math task). With a specially designed pupil image acquisition system in the dark room, these three kinds of experiments were performed to induce a dominant state of sympathetic or parasympathetic activation. Electrocardiogram and pupil size were measured in all the experiments. Based on three experiments, we calculated heart rate variability. In the pupil size analysis, we calculated the mean and standard deviation of pupil size (in time domain), and proposed several frequency bands that exhibit different autonomic activation between different sessions. The results indicate that in terms of heart rate variability, posture change exhibited significant differences but not between sleepiness level, or between cognitive task. Pupil sizes differed only during the postures. And we found some frequency bands that correlated with autonomic activation in each experiment. While heart rate variability reflects posture change that need cardiac control, pupil size variability reflects not only posture induced autonomic activation but sleepiness and cognitive load, which is processed in the brain, in time and frequency domain parameter.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.239-250
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• 2014

The purpose of this research is to implement and develop the Economic Cost Driver Size(ECDS) extended model to determine the optimal cash driver size with measurement complexity cost and allocation fail cost. ECDS model can be used to seek both measurement accuracy and time efficiency of the Activity-Base Costing (ABC). The study also develops Activity Priority Number (APN) to evaluate the importance of nonvalue-added activities improvement and to determine the representative cost driver of value-added activities when applying ECDS model. APN consists of Severity Priority Number (SPN), Undetectablitiy Priority Number (UPN) and Occurrence Priority Number (OPN). APN can be obtained from lower-stream activity, current activity, upper-stream activity in terms of hierarchical dependency of SIPOC (Supplier, Input, Process, Output, and Customer). In order to seek both efficiency of invested capital and reduction of overhead cost, the paper proposes the integrated ABC and Economic Value Added (EVA) model using redesigned ABC-based statement of comprehensive income and EVA-based statement of financial position. For a better understanding of the proposed ABC-EVA integrated model, numerical examples are demonstrated in this paper. Cost drivers of ABC and capital drivers of EVA in the proposed model can be used to reduce activity overhead cost from ABC-based statement of comprehensive income and to lessen activity capital charge from EVA-based statement of financial position.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2024

Background: Rotator cuff tears are often associated with synovitis, but the ability of noninvasive ultrasonography to predict the severity of synovitis remains unclear. We investigated whether ultrasound parameters, namely peak systolic velocity in the anterior humeral circumflex artery and Doppler activity in the glenohumeral joint and subacromial space, reflect synovitis severity. Methods: A total of 54 patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were selected. Doppler ultrasound was used to measure peak systolic velocity in the anterior humeral circumflex artery and Doppler activity in the glenohumeral joint and subacromial space, and these values were compared with the intraoperative synovitis score in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Univariate analyses revealed that tear size, peak systolic velocity in the anterior humeral circumflex artery, and Doppler activity in the glenohumeral joint were associated with synovitis in the glenohumeral joint (P=0.02, P<0.001, P=0.02, respectively). In the subacromial space, tear size, peak systolic velocity in the anterior humeral circumflex artery, and Doppler activity in the subacromial space were associated with synovitis severity (P=0.02, P<0.001, P=0.02, respectively). Multivariate analyses indicated that tear size and peak systolic velocity in the anterior humeral circumflex artery were independently associated with synovitis scores in both the glenohumeral joint and the subacromial space (all P<0.05). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that tear size and peak systolic velocity in the anterior humeral circumflex artery, which can both be measured noninvasively, are useful indicators of synovitis severity.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.313-318
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• 2008

The influence of the particle size of platinum(Pt) on the stability and activity was studied. The particle size of platinum was controlled in the range of $3.5{\sim}9\;nm$ by heat treatment of commercial Pt/C and confirmed by XRD and TEM. An accelerated degradation test was performed to evaluate the stability of platinum catalysts. Oxygen reduction reaction was monitored for the measurement of activity. As increasing the Pt particle size, the stability of Pt/C electrode was enhanced and the activity was reduced. It was confirmed that the stability of Pt/C electrode was in inverse proportion to the activity. PtCo/C alloy catalyst was used to improve the activity and stability of large-sized platinum particle. The maximum power density of commercial Pt/C was $507.6\;mV/cm^2$ and PtCo/C alloy catalyst was $585.8\;mV/cm^2$. The decrement of electrochemical surface area showed Pt/C(60%) and PtCo/C alloy catalyst(24%). It was possible to enhance both of stability and activity of catalyst by the combination of particle size control and alloying.