• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.151-164
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• 1998

Conclusion and the improvement plan according to the survey on recycling wastes in 'the program of woman and environmental education' mainly for the chairwomen of the women's association of the apartment house in City and County of Chungchongnamdo during the first half of 1998 (from March tp April) are as follows. 1. Conclusion 1) It showed that the rate of recognition for recycle has no difference by regional groups and the rate of recognition is 57.4% but they mainly know vaguely or they do not know. 2) It showed that the rate they do not know how the separated wastes are recycled is 30.4% and the scope of their knowledge is approximative.(52.6%) 3) It showed that it is the housewives who mainly do the separate garbage collection (72.7%) and 19.1% of the people have no interest in the separate discharge. 4) It showed that the rate they filter the garbage or remove water from the garbage at house is 53.1%. And 20% of the people in the urban region dump untreated wastes but 8.5% of the people in the rural region do the same, so the rate of using garbage in the rural region is higher than that in the urban region. 5) It showed that the separate state of the garbage is 29.2% for the removal of toothpick and paper and 47.4% for the removal of vinyl and stopper. 6) It showed that 66.7% of the motive for recycling waste is the education activity for environment by the women's association and SAEMAEUL association and 34.5% of that is the influence of TV and radio. 7) It showed that the rate of making compost and feed using garbage in the rural region is higher than that in the urban region and in some urban regions, the rate they sprinkle the garbage in provisional compost state on the floor garden is high. 8) It showed that the recognition rate for the material of separately collected garbage corresponding to the separate waste system of 5-6 classification is 12.5% 9) It showed that the major variable which has an effect on the recycle is the education activity for environment by the neighborhood meeting(P<0.05) and by the women's association of saemaeul activity(P<0.05)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.207-212
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• 2002

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) is the enzyme that controls no devo fatty acid biogynthesis, and this enzyme catalyzes the carboxylation pathway of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression was regulated by nutritional and hormonal status. The present study was performed to identify the regulation mechanism of ACC gene promoter I. The fragments of ACC promoter I -1.2-kb region wert recombined to pGL3-Basic vector with luciferase as a reporter gene. The primary hepatocytes from the rat were used to investigate the hormonal regulation of ACC promoter I activity. ACC PI (-1.2)/Luc plasmid was trtransferred into primary hepatocytes using lipofectin. Activity of luciferase was increased two-fold by 10-9M, three-fold by 10-8M, 10-6M, 3.5-fold by 10-6M, and 4.5-fold by 10-7M insulin treatment, respectively. In the presence of dexamethasone (1 $\mu$M), the effects of insulin increased about 1.5-fold, showing the additional effects of dexamethasone. Moreover, the activity of luciferase increased with insulin+dexamethasone, insulin+T3, dexamethasone+T3, and dexamethasone+insulin+T3 treatment approximately 6-, 4-, 6.5-, and 10-fold, respectively. Therefore it can be postulated that 1) these hormones coordinately regulate acetyl-CoA caroxylase gene expression via regulation of promoter activity, 2) the -1.2-kb region of ACC promoter I may have the response element sequences for insulin, dexamethasone, and T3.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.276-281
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• 1999

In order to determine the functional region of the antifungal protein (AFP) isolated from Aspergillus giganteus responsible for growth inhibitory activity and the promotion of phospholipid vesicle aggregation, overlapping peptides covering the complete sequence of AFP were synthesized. The antibiotic activity against bacterial, fungal, and tumor cells, and the vesicle-aggregation activity of the synthetic peptides were investigated. The AFP functional sequence responsible for antibiotic and vesicle-aggregation activity was determined to be located within the region between AFP residues 19 to 32. AFP (19-32) exhibited an a-helical conformation in a cell membrane-like environment. AFP (19-32) displayed potent antibiotic activity against bacterial, fungal, and tumor cells without peptide toxicity as indicated by hemolysis. Accordingly, AFP (19-32) could be used as a good model for the design of effective antibiotic agents with powerful antibiotic activity yet without any cytotoxic effects against the host organism.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.278-283
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• 2006

Defensins are small cysteine rich peptides with a molecular mass of 5-10 kDa and some of them exhibit potent antifungal activity. We have cloned the coding region of a cDNA of 225 bp cysteine rich defensin, named as Tfgd1, from the legume Trigonella foenum-graecum. The amino acid sequence deduced from the coding region comprised 74 amino acids, of which the N-terminal 27 amino acids constituted the signal peptide and the mature peptide comprised 47 amino acids. The protein is characterized by the presence of eight cysteine resisdues, conserved in the various plant defensins forming four disulphide bridges, which stabilize the mature peptide. The recombinant protein expressed in E coli exhibited antifungal activity against the broad host range fungus, Rhizoctonia solani and the peanut leaf spot fungus, Phaeoisariopsis personata.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 1995

To investigate how the dyad symmetry region (DSR) and the distance between vir box and -35 sequence of the virE promoter plays a role in virE gene expression, two mutants were constructed by base substitution and insertional mutagenesis. The base substitutional mutation, a AAlongrightarrowCG substitution at positions -39 and -40 on the DSR, showed the level of $\beta$-galactosidase activity approximately 91% of the wild type virE promoter activity. Therefore, the native structure of the DSR seems to be not essential for virE expression. The insertional mutation, constructed by inserting 8 bp ClaI linker between -49 and -50, displayed the $\beta$-galactosidase activity at 12% of the native virE promoter activity. However, this striking reduction appears to be not caused by destruction of the native DSR structure, but by shifting the vir box far from putative -35 sequence.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.96-107
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• 2009

Lactophoricin (LPcin-I) is a cationic amphipathic peptide with 23-mer peptide, and corresponds to the carboxy terminal 113-135 region of Component-3 of proteose-peptone. LPcin-I is a good candidate as a peptide antibiotic, because it has an antibacterial activity, but no hemolytic activity. On the other hand, its shorter analog (LPcin-II), which corresponds to the 119-135 region of PP3, has no antibacterial activity. In order to understand the structure-activity relationship under the membrane environments, we succeed to produce large amounts of LPcin-I and LPcin-II peptides. Peptides were over expressed in the form of fusion protein in Escherichia coli, and purified with several chromatography techniques. In this paper, we introduce the optimizing processes of purification and NMR measurement.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 1991

The relationships between nutrients intake, physical activity and bone mineral density were investigated in 19 elderly men aged 71-80 years. A trained nutritionist interviewed usual dietary intake and daily activity with a questionnaire, and bone mineral density was measured at the lumbar spine and three regions of the proximal femur (femur neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter) with a Luna DP3 dual photon absorptiometry. The correlations between dietary calcium intake and bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and trochanteric region were significant at P<0.05 and P<0.01 level respectively. the significant correlations were also found between vitamin A(P<0.005), riboflavin(P<0.01), and ascorbic acid(P<0.05) intake and bone mineral density at these sites. Higher physical activity was associated with greater bone mineral density of four sites, but this was not significant. But there were significant relationships between total energy expenditure and bone mineral density of the lumbar spine(P<0.01), femur neck (P<0.05) and Ward's triangle(P<0.05). In this study the results revealed that bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and trochanteric region were associated with dietary calcium intake. And bone mineral density of the femur neck and Ward's triangle were related to physical activity but not to nutrients intake. In conclusion, dietary calcium intake seems to be a important factor for greater bone mineral density. Further evidence will be needed that physical activity protects against bone fracture and osteoporosis in the edlerly.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.2179-2183
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• 2016

Nitrilases pose attractive alternatives to the chemical hydrolysis of nitrile compounds. The activity of bacterial nitrilases towards substrate is intimately tied to the formation of large spiral-shaped oligomers. In the nitrilase CynD (cyanide dihydratase) from Bacillus pumilus, mutations in a predicted oligomeric surface region altered its oligomerization and reduced its activity. One mutant, CynD Y70C, retained uniform oligomer formation however it was inactive, unlike all other inactive mutants throughout that region all of which significantly perturbed oligomer formation. It was hypothesized that Y70 is playing an additional role necessary for CynD activity beyond influencing oligomerization. Here, we performed saturation mutagenesis at residue 70 and demonstrated that only tyrosine or phenylalanine is permissible for CynD activity. Furthermore, we show that other residues at this position are not only inactive, but have altered or disrupted oligomer conformations. These results suggest that Y70's essential role in activity is independent of its role in the formation of the spiral oligomer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1938-1946
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• 2019

Isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs) have good prebiotic effects, and long IMOs (LIMOs) with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 7 or above show improved effects. However, they are not yet commercially available, and require costly enzymes and processes for production. The N-terminal region of the thermostable Thermoanaerobacter thermocopriae cycloisomaltooligosaccharide glucanotransferase (TtCITase) shows cyclic isomaltooligosaccharide (CI)-producing activity owing to a catalytic domain of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 66 and carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) 35. In the present study, we elucidated the activity of the C-terminal region of TtCITase (TtCITase-C; Met740-Phe1,559), including a CBM35-like region and the GH family 15 domain. The domain was successfully cloned, expressed, and purified as a single protein with a molecular mass of 115 kDa. TtCITase-C exhibited optimal activity at 40℃ and pH 5.5, and retained 100% activity at pH 5.5 after 18-h incubation. TtCITase-C synthesized α-1,6 glucosyl products with over seven degrees of polymerization (DP) by an α-1,6 glucosyl transfer reaction from maltopentaose, isomaltopentaose, or commercialized maltodextrins as substrates. These results indicate that TtCITase-C could be used for the production of α-1,6 glucosyl oligosaccharides with over DP7 (LIMOs) in a more cost-effective manner, without requiring cyclodextran.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1994

The acidic deposition (wet) was collected at three different locations; representative industrial (Kun-Jang industrial areas), semiindustrial (Kunsan City) and nonindustrial (Daeya areas) region between March, 1991 and June, 1993. Samples were analyzed for major chemical components along with pH. Also the responses of Hypnum filunzaeforme to the acidic deposition adjusted to pH 4.6, 3.6 and 2.6 with 1:4 molar ratio of nitric to sulfuric acid were investigated. Seasonal variation of pH showed the lowest in early spring and the highest in summer. The annual mean concentrations of $S0_4^{2-},\;NO_3^{-}\;and\;NH_4^{+}$ were 2.94 (81.0%), 0.48 (13.2%) and 0.21 (5.78%) mg/l in industrial region and 0.61 (64.21%), 0.25 (26.3%) and 0.9 (9.5%) mg /I in nonindustrial region, respectively. $S0_4^{2-}$ contents of industrial region was 4 times higher than those of nonindustrial region. The ratio of $S0_4^{2-}\;to\;NO_3^{-}$ was 4.75~7.35 in industrial region and 0.69-6.36 in nonindustrial region. The acidic deposition near industrial region was associated with excess ions, expecially $S0_4^{2-}$. Nitrate reductase activity(NRA) of mosses was inhibited by acidic deposition in both regions. The time required for the maximum NRA induction by 2mM $KNO_3$ was shortened in mosses collected from industrial region. Photosynthesis of H. plumaejorme began to decrease with acidic deposition by pH below 4.6, and was completely inhibited at pH 2.6 in both regions. Water potential of mosses treated with acidic deposition was almost constant during 18 days, however after withholding the supply of acidic deposition, it was rapidly decreased.