• Title/Summary/Keyword: Action of the children

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BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALIVA TO BE LINKED TO THE MULTIPLE CARIES IN CHILDREN (소아의 다발성 치아우식증과 연관된 타액의 생화학적 특성)

  • Chang, Hee-Soon;Cho, Woo-Sung;Choi, Byung-Jai;Seo, Jeong-Taeg;Lee, Syng-II
    • Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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    • v.25 no.4
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    • pp.691-703
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    • 1998
  • Saliva is obviously potential medium to protect the dental caries by not only physical clearing effect, but aggregating action of protein with bacteria. Nevertheless, we still do not understand how the dental caries occur and what brings the individual difference in caries prevalence. In the regards of dental caries prevalence, we hypothesized that the composition of salivary protein might be different from caries susceptible group to caries resistant group. The purposes of this experiment were focused on the molecular analysis of salivary proteins from the subjects who were involved in multiple caries. Electrophoretic analysis was done on the whole saliva collected from the children with and without multiple caries. We found 86.2% of subjects with multiple caries has approximately 120 KDa protein band while 30.4% in the healthy subjects. And the concentration of the total protein on the subjects with multiple caries is significantly higher than that of the healthy group. However, it turned out that the difference of the salivary composition does not affect the bacterial adhesion to hydroxyapatite bead. With regards of enzymes in saliva, the activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$ and lactate dehydrogenase does not have any significant difference between both groups. However, the concentrations of $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$ in saliva from multiple caries group is higher than that of the control group. Taken all together, it may be concluded that 120 KDa protein in saliva may be associated with the process of dental caries, also the high concentration of protein and $Na^+,\;Cl^-$ in saliva may be linked to dental caries development as a cofactors.

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Maternal Behavior to Preventing Childhood Accident in the Home (아동사고에 대한 어머니의 예방행위 영향요인)

  • Kim, Kwuy-Bun;Son, In-A
    • The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.87-102
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    • 2002
  • Injury has now replaced disease as the biggest single cause of death in children after their first birthday. Each day child dies from preventable, unintentional injury and the medical cost of these injury is increasing remarkably. It is necessary to develope injury prevention models to explain, predict, manage, evaluate and analyze the information about accident. The purpose of this paper is, firstly, to investigate parent's actions regarding safety measures at home and secondly, to identify the influencing factors of parents' safety behaviors. The selection of such factors is guided by the theoretical framework of the Pender's Health Promotion Model. Method ; The questionnaire was developed on the basis of other investigations, through pilot testing, peer review, and review by field health workers. The questionnaire was completed by 231 mothers of young children. Data was collected between April and May 2002. Variable Use of three different domains of safety behavior, safety habits, supervision and perception of safety devices, were listed. Mothers were self reported on internal locus of control, mother & child relationships, and marital intimacy. Also the elements of the Health Promotion Model: perceived benefit, barrier, threat, and self-efficacy, were surveyed. Results & discussion The results indicate that most parents take considerable action to reduce household hazards. The constructs derived from the Model were statistically significant differences for a small part of the variables on parental behavior to reduce hazards in the home, such as age, education, economic status, self-efficacy, perceived benefit, internal locus of control. Future studies ought to include social influences, such as expectations, perceived norms, knowledge, and child-related variables, relevant to parental safety measures in their home.

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Immunomodulatory Effects of Bifidobacterium spp. and Use of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum on Acute Diarrhea in Children

  • Choi, Yae Jin;Shin, Seon-Hee;Shin, Hea Soon
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • v.32 no.9
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    • pp.1186-1194
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    • 2022
  • The intake of probiotic lactic acid bacteria not only promotes digestion through the microbiome regulated host intestinal metabolism but also improves diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, and suppresses pathogenic harmful bacteria. This investigation aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects in intestinal epithelial cells and to study the clinical efficacy of the selected the Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum groups. The physiological and biochemical properties were characterized, and immunomodulatory activity was measured against pathogenic bacteria. In order to find out the mechanism of inflammatory action of the eight viable and sonicated Bifidobacterium spp., we tried to confirm the changes in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and chemokines, (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-8) and inflammatory enzymatic mediator (nitric oxide) against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 infection in Caco-2 cells and RAW 264.7 cells. The clinical efficacy of the selected B. breve and B. longum group was studied as a probiotic adjuvant for acute diarrhea in children by oral administration. The results showed significant immunomodulatory effects on the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, MCP-1, IL-8 and NO, in sonicated Bifidobacterium extracts and viable bifidobacteria. Moreover, each of the Bifidobacterium strains was found to react more specifically to different cytokines. However, treatment with sonicated Bifidobacterium extracts showed a more significant effect compared to treatment with the viable bacteria. We suggest that probiotics functions should be subdivided according to individual characteristics, and that personalized probiotics should be designed to address individual applications.

Oral Health Promotion Program Application and Effect for Underprivileged Lower Grade Students (취약계층 아동의 구강건강증진 실천프로그램 적용 및 평가)

  • Jung, Jin-Hee;Jin, Bo-Hyung;Lee, Jung-Nam;Yu, Ju-Yeon
    • The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.41-50
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    • 2015
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study was to apply an effective oral health promotion program and effect for underprivileged lower grade students. This study attempted to resolve some oral health inequality issues by providing underprivileged children with an oral health action program designed to promote positive oral health maintenance habits. Methods: This study was carried from May to August of 2009 with 77(control group 27 subjects, experimental group 36 subjects) elementary school students selected among first to third graders attending regional welfare center's after school program in Seoul. To the control group, conventional education methods were applied. To the experimental group, newly designed program was conducted by three project experts(1 expert, 1 dentist, 1 dental hygienist). It consisted of 5 sessions and progressed with various activities. It was focused on achieving target knowledge and changing oral health behavior. In order to evaluate the designed educational program, learners' achievement was evaluated with implementing the questionnaire and one-on-one interviews. And also the oral health improvement was evaluated based on change of Patient Hygiene Performance(PHP) index. Results: Based on the results of learners' achievement, the experimental group showed the significant increment of the oral health knowledge by the relapsed time, and it maintained after finished the program(p<0.001). The patient hygiene performance index showed not significant changed(p>0.05), but 1 month later the control group showed an increment of the PHP score, but the experimental group showed a decrement of it. Conclusions: Oral health promotion program by project approach could give a long-lasting educational effect to the children and encouraged proper oral hygiene behavioral changes.

Development of the Student Activity-Centered Education Programme on Climate Change (학습자 활동 중심 기후변화 교육 프로그램 개발)

  • Choi, Hyeh Sook;Kim, Yong Pyo;Cho, Kyung Suk;Yeau, Sung Hee;Park, Gi Yeong;Bae, Mi Sook;Lee, Mih Young;Zhang, Mi Hwa
    • Journal of Climate Change Research
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    • v.2 no.3
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    • pp.161-174
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    • 2011
  • The purpose of this study is to develop education programme on climate change for elementary students which is based on student activity. The programme is intended to raise children's awareness and to build positive attitudes towards climate change. Ten programmes are developed. The main themes of the contents are 'a meteorological observation', 'a change of season', 'the monitoring climates of the past', 'the climate and life', 'the climate and human lives', 'the causes of climate change', 'the influence of the climate change' and 'the action on climate change' which are selected from the survey of previous domestic education programmes. Each programme consists of 5 steps: Introduction, Concrete experience, Reflective observation, Abstract conceptualisation and Active experimentation. We expect that this programme would enhance children's awareness and attitudes on climate change and induce positive and active response to climate change.

Correlation of Inhibin and Several Antioxidants in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

  • Mehde, Atheer Awad;Mehdi, Wesen Adel;Zainulabdeen, Jwan Abdulmohsin;Abdulbari, Alaa Shawqi
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.15 no.12
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    • pp.4843-4846
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    • 2014
  • Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is most common in childhood. Inhibin (a non-steroidal glycoprotein hormone of gonadal origin) can be used as marker of fertility. The current study was conducted to evaluate inhibin levels in ALL patients and to estimate its correlation with some antioxidants in these in comparison with control subjects. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on sixty patients with ALL and thirty children as controls. Fasting blood samples were taken from each subject and analyzed for haemoglobin, serum protein, vitamin E and C, in addition to glutathione and inhibin. Results: The results of the study showed highly significant decreases (p<0.001) in haemoglobin, glutathione and inhibin levels with significant decreases (p<0.05) in serum protein and vitamin E levels for patients group in comparison with controls while there was no significant differences in vitamin C. Moreover, there were significant correlations between inhibin levels and serum protein, glutathione and both vitamins (E and C) in the ALL patient group (r= 0.81, 0.80, 0.77 and 0.69, respectively). Conclusions: The present results indicated infertility in patients with ALL demonstrated by low inhibin level as a consequence of abnormality in anti-oxidative metabolism due to the cancer process. So, it can be suggested the need for routine measurement of inhibin for leukemic patients to estimate the action of hormones of gonadal origin.

Pathway from Domestic Violence to Adolescents' Internet Game Addiction - Focusing on Mediating Effect of Parental Attachment - (청소년의 가정폭력노출경험이 인터넷 게임중독에 미치는 영향 - 부모애착의 매개효과 -)

  • Kim, Jae-Yop;Lee, Ji-Hyeon;Yoon, Yoe-Won
    • Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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    • v.63 no.4
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    • pp.59-82
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    • 2011
  • This study examined the pathway through which adolescents' exposure to domestic violence could lead them to become addicted to Internet games. A total of 709 middle school and high school students were used as subjects and data from the 'domestic violence on children and adolescent' section of the 2010 National Data on Domestic Violence were used. The results of analysis using structural equations showed that the subjects' exposure to domestic violence did not directly affect their addiction to Internet games but that it indirectly affected their addiction through decrease in parental attachment. This can be interpreted to mean that when parents who should be a source of safety for their children become agents and recipients of violence, adolescents come to feel alienated because they cannot form any secure attachment to their parents and cannot build trust or emotional stability in their real-life parents, and they accordingly become absorbed in the virtual world of games. The results of the analysis were then used to discuss action plans for the prevention and intervention of adolescents' internet game addiction.

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Polymorphisms of the NR3C1 gene in Korean children with nephrotic syndrome (한국 신증후군 환아에서 NR3C1 유전자 다형성 분석)

  • Cho, Hee Yeon;Choi, Hyun Jin;Lee, So Hee;Lee, Hyun Kyung;Kang, Hee Kyung;Ha, Il Soo;Choi, Yong;Cheong, Hae Il
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.52 no.11
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    • pp.1260-1266
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    • 2009
  • Purpose : Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS) can be clinically classified as steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant. The detailed mechanism of glucocorticoid action in NS is currently unknown. Methods : In this study, we investigated 3 known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (ER22/23EK, N363S, and BclI) of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (the NR3C1 gene) in 190 children with NS using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and analyzed the correlation between the genotypes and clinicopathologic features of the patients. Results : Eighty patients (42.1%) were initial steroid nonresponders, of which 31 (16.3% of the total) developed end-stage renal disease during follow-up. Renal biopsy findings of 133 patients were available, of which 36 (31.9%) showed minimal changes in NS and 77 (68.1%) had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The distribution of the BclI genotypes was comparable between the patient and control groups, and the G allele frequencies in both the groups were almost the same. The ER22/23EK and N363S genotypes were homogenous as ER/ER and NN, respectively, in all the patients and in 100 control subjects. The BclI genotype showed no correlation with the NS onset age, initial steroid responsiveness, renal pathologic findings, or progression to end-stage renal disease. Conclusion : These data suggested that the ER22/23EK, N363S, and BclI SNPs in the NR3C1 gene do not affect the development of NS, initial steroid responsiveness, renal pathologic lesion, and progression to end-stage renal disease in Korean children with NS.

Neuronal injury in AIDS dementia: Potential treatment with NMDA open-channel blockers and nitric oxide-related species

  • Lipton, Stuart A.
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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    • 1996.04a
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    • pp.19-29
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    • 1996
  • The neurological manifestations of AIDS include dementia, encountered even in the absence of opportunistic superinfection or malignancy. The AIDS Dementia Complex appears to be associated with several neuropathological abnormalities, including astrogliosis and neuronal injury or loss. How can HIV-1 result in neuronal damage if neurons themselves are only rarely, if ever, infected by the vitus\ulcorner In vitro experiments from several different laboratiories have lent support to the existence of HIV- and immune-related toxins. In one recently defined pathway to neuronal injury, HIV-infected macrophages/microglia as well as macrophages activated by HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 appear to secrete excitants/neurotoxins. These substances may include arachidonic acid, platelet-activating factor, free radicals (NO - and O$_2$), glutamate, quinolinate, cysteine, cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL1-B, IL-6), and as yet unidentified factors emanating from stimulated macrophages and possibly reactive astrocytes. A final common pathway for newonal suscepubility appears to be operative, similar to that observed in stroke, trauma, epilepsy, and several neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This mechanism involves excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-operated channels, with resultant excessive influx of Ca$\^$2+/ leading to neuronal damage, and thus offers hope for future pharmacological intervention. This chapter reviews two clinically-tolerated NMDA antagonists, memantine and nitroglycerin; (ⅰ) Memantine is an open-channel blocker of the NMDA-associated ion channel and a close congener of the anti-viral and anti-parkinsonian drug amantadine. Memantine blocks the effects of escalating levels of excitotoxins to a greater degree than lower (piysiological) levels of these excitatory amino acids, thus sparing to some extent normal neuronal function. (ⅱ) Niuoglycerin acts at a redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptor/complex to downregulate its activity. The neuroprotective action of nitroglycerin at this site is mediated by n chemical species related to nitric oxide, but in a higher oxidation state, resulting in transfer of an NO group to a critical cysteine on the NMDA receptor. Because of the clinical safety of these drugs, they have the potential for trials in humans. As the structural basis for redox modulation is further elucidated, it may become possible to design even better redox reactive reagents of chinical value. To this end, redox modulatory sites of NMDA receptors have begun to be characterized at a molecular level using site-directed mutagenesis of recombinant subunits (NMDAR1, NMDAR2A-D). Two types of redox modulation can be distinguished. The first type gives rise to a persistent change in the functional activity of the receptor, and we have identified two cysteine residues on the NMDARI subunit (#744 and #798) that are responsible for this action. A second site, presumably also a cysteine(s) because <1 mM N-ethylmaleimide can block its effect in native neurons, underlies the other, more transient redox action. It appears to be at this, as yet unidentified, site on the NMDA receptor that the NO group acts, at least in recombinant receptors.

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The Change of Christian Pre-Service Early Childhood Teachers through Development of Bible-Based Early Childhood Language Education Activities (성경에 기초한 유아 언어 교육 활동 개발을 통한 기독 예비 유아 교사의 변화)

  • Kim, Min-Jung
    • Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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    • v.61
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    • pp.165-201
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study is to explore the development of language education of Christian early childhood education by exploring the change of pre-Christian preschool teachers through the development of biblical language education activities. Interviews, surveys, action plans, and reflections of 19 Christian education students who participated in the development of bible-based language education activities for children based on the language of early childhood language, were conducted from September 3 to December 28, 2018. The data were collected through a portfolio. By analyzing the collected data, the key categories were derived and categorized. For the objectification of data analysis and interpretation, two thematic and early childhood education specialists were identified. As a result, the preparatory Christian teacher experience for the development of bible-based langage education activities for young children was categorized into cognitive change, personality change and practical change. First, through the development of bible-based early childhood language education activities, Christian pre-service early childhood teachers have brought cognitive changes as 'processes not outcomes', 'integration not separation', 'living non-curriculum' and 'meaning not effect'. In developing bible-based language education activities for young children, Christian pre-service early childhood teachers experienced a cognitive change in the 'process of language education activities' rather than the developmental achievements and results of early childhood language education. Christian pre-service early childhood teachers recognized the necessity of 'integration of listening-speaking-reading-writing', not the separation of early childhood language education. They recognized the importance of 'informal language education in kindergarten life', as well as teacher-centered formal language education. In addition, they have made a cognitive change that 'child-centered meaningful language education experience' is more important than the effectiveness of early childhood language education. Second, in developing bible-based language education activities for young children, Christian pre-service early childhood teachers showed personality changes as 'confident teachers', 'professional teachers', and 'teachers with reflective thoughts and attitudes'. Finally, in developing bible-based language education activities for young children, Christian pre-service early childhood teachers recognized the power of positive language and practiced it to form habits of using the right language and to link Christian education with early childhood education. Through the development of bible-based language education activities for young children, Christian pre-service early childhood teachers are equipped with the heart attitude and enthusiasm required to become true early childhood teachers for young children in unpredictable educational conditions and rapidly changing educational realities. Teacher efficacy has improved. In the future, it is expected that various teacher education programs linking Christian education and early childhood education will be continuously and systematically implemented.