• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.129-149
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• 1994

Sea casualties may happen in ship, cargo and the others concerned with sea transportation. : the shipo-wer, marine insurer and salvage company have been endeavored to compensate salvage award with some rule and regulation such as Marine Insurance Act, York Antwerp Rules and Average adjustment rules. Once sea casualties happened, the salvage contract is established between the owners, marine insurance and salvage company, the contract are divided into so many kinds of them. In this paper, we have an analysis on the character of the salvage contract whether the characteristic contents of them are in benefit to any party or not. In this connection with these positive or negative character of the contract, it is worthwhile to compare the actual salvage expenses contract with no cure no pay contract. LOF 1990 has been revised recently, which is based on no cure no pay, expecially, the special compensation, safety net clause of LOF 1990 could be understood in the view of the prevention of sea pollution and the preservation of sea circumstances in the world. Salvage has the complicated and quality, because the adjustment of almost salvage charges have been treated through the other sea casualties which is accompanied by and mixed with. Besides of the importance of salvage contracts, we are in need to understand that what the diversified character of salvage charges are. Furthermore the owners should carefully select the insured conditions on Hull Insurance according to the type of his company, operating ocean route, loading cargo and etc. In this paper, we would try to analyze the character of the salvage award such as General Average, Sue and Labour Charges and Particular charges. We would like to propose that the uniformed system of the salvage award. Compensation should be built up for the effective and efficient salvage operation and for reducing the claims and conflicts from the concerned parties. To this end, we could expect that the uniformed system for salvage award compensation will come to be the benefit of all owners, insurers, salvage company.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.91-108
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• 2019

Game have become a universal leisure culture for the world. However, not only did the development of the game industry have a positive impact on society, but it also brought about various social problems, such as adversely affecting youth and encouraging criminal acts. In order to minimize these effects, countries around the world operate a game rating system to provide games suitable for age and social values from children and young people to the general public. Since games are new digital content, the limitations of the rating system are still discussed in many studies. Therefore, this study investigates the current status of global game regulation by investigating game rating systems of various countries including Korea. In addition, by comparing and analyzing the game rating system in Korea and the system of other countries, this study suggests a direction to improve our system more appropriately. The results of this study will contribute to securing the effectiveness and standardization of domestic game classification system.

• Plant Journal
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.23-28
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• 2019

In this study, ammonia consumption by gas turbine output was adjusted to find out the amount of ammonia consumption that complies with the enhanced Air Quality Preservation Act and internal regulation emission standards in SCR type DeNOx System for a 580 MW Sejong Combined Cycle Power Plant. For measurements, the gas turbine output was varied to 50, 99, 149, 198 MW and ammonia consumption was adjusted with the combustion gas and ammonia supply conditions fixed at each stage. When the emission limit were change from 10 ppm to 8 ppm, ammonia consumption was increased from 78, 93, 105, 133 kg/h to 89, 113, 132, 176 kg/h. The increase rate of ammonia consumption was 14, 22, 26, 32% per output category compared to the 10 ppm emission limit, which was shown to increase as output increased.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.795-803
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• 2014

To withstand ever-changing environmental stresses, plants are equipped with phytohormone-mediated stress resistance mechanisms. Salt stress triggers abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, which enhances stress tolerance at the expense of growth. ABA is thought to inhibit the action of growth-promoting hormones, including brassinosteroids (BRs). However, the regulatory mechanisms that coordinate ABA and BR activity remain to be discovered. We noticed that ABA-treated seedlings exhibited small, round leaves and short roots, a phenotype that is characteristic of the BR signaling mutant, brassinosteroid insensitive1-9 (bri1-9). To identify genes that are antagonistically regulated by ABA and BRs, we examined published Arabidopsis microarray data sets. Of the list of genes identified, those upregulated by ABA but downregulated by BRs were enriched with a BRRE motif in their promoter sequences. After validating the microarray data using quantitative RT-PCR, we focused on RD26, which is induced by salt stress. Histochemical analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing RD26pro:GUS revealed that the induction of GUS expression after NaCl treatment was suppressed by co-treatment with BRs, but enhanced by co-treatment with propiconazole, a BR biosynthetic inhibitor. Similarly, treatment with bikinin, an inhibitor of BIN2 kinase, not only inhibited RD26 expression, but also reduced the survival rate of the plant following exposure to salt stress. Our results suggest that ABA and BRs act antagonistically on their target genes at or after the BIN2 step in BR signaling pathways, and suggest a mechanism by which plants fine-tune their growth, particularly when stress responses and growth compete for resources.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.738-744
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• 2012

Gastrodia elata Blume is used for a variety of purposes including treatment of inflammation in the Korean medicine. The present study investigated whether the G. elata extracts have the anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells. G. elata extracts showed an anti-inflammatory effects in the morphological and nitric oxide(NO) analysis, especially in hexane extract. So we investigated the hexane extract from G. elata in the following experiments. Hexane extract significantly inhibited the secretion of NO with protein level of inducible nitric oxide synthase in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia cells. Hexane extract also inhibited LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses involving the degradation of cytosolic inhibitory(I)-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and the translocation of nuclear factor(NF)-${\kappa}Bp65$ to nucleus in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia cells by morphological analysis. Western blot analyse confirmed that I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$ and NF-${\kappa}Bp65$ showed a similar pattern as morphological analysis. Our results suggest that G. elata extracts, especially hexane extract, may act as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory disease in the central nervous system through a selective regulation of NO production and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2000

The collisions at sea among marine casualties are not reduced as the tonnage and speed of ship's increase as well as the traffic quantity increase at sea, in spite of the improvement of nautical equipment, enforcement of crew's education and training as well as improvement of quality standard according to the implementation of ISM code. The measures to prevent the collisions at sea are simple, and are composed of six stage.: The first stage is that the officer on duty detect the target from his eye or radar information. The second stage is determining the type and kind of target-ship. The third stage is target tracking; calculation of target speed, course, CPA and TCPA from radar information or visual check. The fourth stage is determination of vessel in danger after calculation of third stage. The fifth stage is the judgement of situation if own ship is stand-on or give way vessel according to the 1972 COLREG. The last stage is to carry out proper action according to 1972 COLREG, under the circumstances. But by the case, the situations are so different under the different external conditions; for example, natural/navigational conditions, crew's human factors, ship's particular, rule or regulation, management system on board, the condition of watch keeping. Therefore the reasons and casualties are so complicated. This study aims to investigate the collision casualty at sea which needs to clarity all these causal factors of afore-mentioned, and to analyze the causes of problems so as to utilize them to establish the measures of preventing marine accidents. This study, described the concepts of causal factors into three groups; environmental factor, and company/on board management system and navigator's act. Also described how to investigate and analyzes the casual factors. Even though it was described in this paper how to detect the causal factors and reasons of collisions, and how to analyze the inter-relation of each causal factors, it is necessary to do further study how to analyze between the liability of concerned parties and the casual factors involved.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.58-68
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• 2014

The statistics showed that about 1 billion automobiles were registered and about 40million ELVs occurred on the world in 2010. So all advanced countries including EU had plan to increase the ELVs recycling rate up to 95% of total by 2015. The Korean government also established a target for raising up to 95% of ELVs recycling rate according to 'Act on the Resource Circulation of Electrical and Electronic Equipment and Vehicles'. Before being satisfied with the requirement of recycling of ELVs however, the problem is issued on the scraps of plastic and non-ferrous metals which are now being abandoned and reclaimed with no adequate reuse. Therefore, as a part of preceding investigation on the present state of ELVs recycling in the world, this preliminary investigation study was carried out focusing on the state of EU's disposal and management regulations of ELVs and SLF/ASR including the world trend of disposal and management regulations of ELVs and SLF/ASR.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.47-56
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• 2009

The following improvement plans are suggested in this study to facilitate implementing a pilot project for building a disaster resistant community organized by the National Emergency Management Agency in 2008, and ultimately to expand the project nation-wide. Regarding legislative aspects, legal grounds should be established such as devising a new clause in the Counter Measure for Natural Disaster for assigning a disaster resistant community or city, and devising a tentatively named "Act for Disaster Resistant Community Project" as a local governance regulation. Regarding administrative aspects, a project master plan focused on active participation of the local residents should be designed. Moreover, a certain amount of the project budget should be alloted not only to structural contents but also to non-structural contents. Regarding organizational aspects, an education program for training local disaster prevention leaders should be actively promoted and a local disaster prevention governance system should also be established among official and inofficial local organizations. Furthermore a preemptive consulting system with disaster prevention experts as well as an evaluation system to monitor the project implementation process should be introduced.

• BMB Reports
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.653-658
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• 2019

MYB-type transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plant growth and development, and in the rapid responses to unfavorable environmental conditions. We recently reported the isolation and characterization of a rice (Oryza sativa) MYB TF, OsMYB102, which is involved in the regulation of leaf senescence by downregulating abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and the downstream signaling response. Based on the similarities of their sequences and expression patterns, OsMYB102 appears to be a homolog of the Arabidopsis thaliana AtMYB44 TF. Since AtMYB44 is a key regulator of leaf senescence and abiotic stress responses, it is important to examine whether AtMYB44 homologs in other plants also act similarly. Here, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing OsMYB102 (OsMYB102-OX). The OsMYB102-OX plants showed a delayed senescence phenotype during dark incubation and were more susceptible to salt and drought stresses, considerably similar to Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtMYB44. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed that, in addition to known senescence-associated genes, genes encoding the ABA catabolic enzymes AtCYP707A3 and AtCYP707A4 were also significantly upregulated in OsMYB102-OX, leading to a significant decrease in ABA accumulation. Furthermore, protoplast transient expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that OsMYB102 directly activated AtCYP707A3 expression. Based on our findings, it is probable that the regulatory functions of AtMYB44 homologs in plants are highly conserved and they have vital roles in leaf senescence and the abiotic stress responses.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.10
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• pp.3-26
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• 2004

ISO 15489:2001 addresses the principles and requirements with which organizations, both public and private, should comply on the management of their records to ensure that adequate records are created, captured and managed. The standard defines the characteristics that a record should have through records management system as follows: authenticity, reliability, integrity, and usability. Authenticity means that records can be proven to be what it purports to be, to have been created or sent by the person purported to have created or sent it, and to have been created or sent at the time purported. Reliability means that the contents of the records can be trusted as a full and accurate representation of the transactions, activities or facts to which they attest and can be depended upon in the course of subsequent transactions or activities. Integrity refers to ensuring that a record is complete and unaltered. Usability means that records can be located, retrieved, presented and interpreted. In order to have these characteristics, a record should be persistently linked to the metadata necessary to document a transaction. Metadata is "data describing context, content and structure of records and their management through time." Metadata ensure the creation and maintenance of authentic, reliable and usable records and the protection of the integrity of those records. It could be implemented by creating and capturing records management metadata in systems that create and manage records. There have been some projects and standard initiatives to identify a core set of records management metadata. Included are the Australian Recordkeeping Metadata Standard and the British Metadata Standard which is part of the Requirements for Electronic Records Management System. Recently ISO/TS 23081-1 is published to implement metadata requirements within the framework of ISO 15489. Public records management system in Korea is ruled by the Act on the Management of Archives by Public Agencies and Administrative Records Management Regulation. This article evaluates records and their descriptive elements captured and maintained by the records management system in Korea on the basis of the international metadata standards.