• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.167-175
• /
• 1971

A pot experiment with an acid sulfate soil from Kimhae was carried out to find out the cause of toxicity in rice plant. The effect of liming on changes in pH, Eh, Al, and $Fe^{2+}$ in soil and leachate was examined at two-week interval during the growth of rice. Also, total $P_2O_5$, $SiO_2$, Fe and Al contents in plants at harvesting stage were determined. In the early stage, the rice plant in the check soil showed the same healthy growth as did in limed soil even at high Al in soil and leachate. Around panicle forming stage, reddish brown mottlings suddenly infested all over the plants when accompanied with strong reduction, and afterward growth was severely retarded, and finally caused the significant difference in yield. During the strong reduction, significant amount of sulfide was formed only in check soils, but no free $H_2S$ was detected. Appreciable Al was still present in soil and leachate, and $Fe^{2+}$ in check soil was lower than that in limed soil, but $Fe^{2+}$ in leachate was slightly higher. Limed soils were more reduced and produced more $Fe^{2+}$ due to increased microorganism activity in the neutral pH. In the leachate, the check showed slightly higher $Fe^{2+}$ concentration but considerably higher than limed one at later stage. Appreciable amount of Al was detected only in check soil and leachate from transplanting to panicle formation stage. Plant tissues at harvesting stage contained very low P regardless of liming. Uptake of Si was markedly increased by liming. Contents of Fe an Al was markedly higher in check than limed one, but difference in Fe content was more drastic possibly due to more Fe uptake in presence of markedly higher $Fe^{2+}$ in soil and leachate at later growing stage. In conclusion toxic symptom in this acid sulfate soil seems to be primarily due to Al when accompanied with low pH and strong reduction. But association with $Fe^{2+}$ toxicity is not completely excluded. In order to differentiate the effect of $Fe^{2+}$ from that of Al more detailed plant analysis at different stage is required.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.294-299
• /
• 2007

Natural gypsum has been used as a soil amendment in the United States. However, flue gas desulfurization (FGD)-gypsum has not traditionally been used for agricultural purpose although it has potential benefit as a soil amendment. To expand use of FGD-gypsum for agricultural purpose, the effect of FGD-gypsum on soil chemical properties was investigated in the field scales. Application rates for this study were 0 (control), 1.1, and 2.2 Mg ha-1 of FGD-gypsum. After two year application, the soil samples were taken to 110 cm depth and sub-sampled at 10 cm intervals. The heavy metal contents in FGD-gypsum were lower than ceiling levels allowed by regulations for land-applied biosolids. Soil pH was not largely affected by FGD-gypsum application. Although degree of calcium (Ca) saturation in surface horizons increases only slightly with respect to the control, there is a clear decrease in exchangeable aluminum (Al). FGD-gypsum clearly increases the soil electrical conductivity (EC) with increasing application rate. Water-soluble Ca and sulfate is increased with FGD-gypsum application and these ions moved to a depth of at least 80 cm after only 2 years. We conclude that surface application of FGD-gypsum can mitigate toxicity of Al and deficiency of Ca in subsoil of acid soil.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.83-92
• /
• 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate damage conditions of cut slope structures due to acid rock drainage (ARB) and to assess the acid production potential of various rocks. Acid rock drainage is produced by the oxidation of sulfide minerals contained in coal mine zone and mineralization belt of Pyeongan supergroup and Ogcheon group, pyrite-bearing andesite, and Tertiary acid sulfate soils in Korea. Most of cut slopes producing ARB have been treated with shotcrete to reduce ARD. According to the field observations, ARD had an adverse effect on slope structures. The corrosion of shotcrete, anchors and rock bolts and the bad germination and growth diseases of covering plants due to ARD were observed in the field. The concentration of heavy metals and pH of ARD from cut slope exceeded the environmental standard, indicating a high potential of environmental pollution of surrounding soil, surface water and ground water by the ARD. According to acid base accounting (ABA) of the studied samples, hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks, tuffs, coaly shales, tailings of metallic mine had a relatively high potential of acid production but gneiss and granite had no or less acid production potential. It is expected that the number of cut slopes will increase hereafter considering the present construction trend. In order to reduce the adverse effect of ARD in construction sites, we need to secure the data base for potential ARD producing area and to develop the ARD reduction technologies suitable.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.57-61
• /
• 1999

This study measured the soaking effects of two brassinosteroids(BRs), homobrassinolide(hBR : 225, 23S-homobrassinolide) and epibrassinolide(epiBR : 22R, 23R. 24R-$2{\alpha}$, $3{\alpha}$, 22, 23-Tetrahydroxy-B-homo-7-oxa-$5{\alpha}$-ergostan-6-one) on the germination of two rice cultivars, 'Milyang 23' and 'Naepungbyeo' exposed to simulated acid rain(SAR). The results suggested that promoting effect of two BRs on alleviating damage to SAR would be attributed to the promotion of plant growth, root elongation, and particularly germination rate of both cultivars. Eight organic acids were determined by HPLC. Succinic acid acetic acid in 'Milyang 23' under SAR were highest among eight organic acids.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.293-302
• /
• 2008

The limiting factors to determine available soil depth were studied with 390 soil series in soil profile description and physicochemical data in Korean soils. The limiting factors were coarse sandy layer, gravel and skeletal layer, hardpan layer, cat clay layer, poorly drained layer, salt accumulated layer and bed rock layer so on. The soils of having limiting factors were 332 soil series, but soils without limiting factors were 58 soil series. Soils with limiting factors were, hardpan 5, slopeness 93, immature soil 29, cinder 5, sandy 42, gravel or skeletal 47, bedrock 19, high salt content 8, poorly drained soil 22, heavy clay 32, sulfate soil 3 and ash soil 27 etc. And the orders of available soil depth were immature > slopeness > ash > heavy clay > sandy > gravel or skeletal > hardpan > cindery > poorly drained > bedrock > acid sulfate soil > salt accumulated soil etc.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.53 no.2
• /
• pp.133-145
• /
• 2020

Soil in mine waste-rock fields, and at the pithead, sediments and farmlands around an abandoned mine in the Chungcheong Province of South Korea were investigated to assess the distribution of metallic elements and to understand the scope of the pollution. Reddening was observed from the mine up to a distance of 61 m. Losses of waste rock around the mine were assessed over a section of 1800 ㎥. Yellowish precipitates on the bottom of a stream were identified as ferrihydrite and goethite. For anions, a mean sulfate ion level over 773.6 mg/L was found during August in the river water samples. Mine drainage at the site was shown to have a pH of 4.9 and a sulfate concentration of 1557.8 mg/L during the August rainy season. A possible cause of the metallic element contamination in the mine is waste-rock loss, because mine waste-rock is located on the slope in this area. In conclusion, the total soil area to be treated, based on the amount that exceeded the recommended Korean soil pollution levels, was assessed to be 10,297 ㎡.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.278-283
• /
• 1993

Gimhae series has a high content of jarosite mineral which is evoluted in soils from sediments rich in sulfur. Chemical compositions of jarosite mineral and soil samples were analyzed with water and various extraction solutions to evaluate the pedogenetic processes of the soil. The pH of jarosite mineral and $Bg_3$ horizon are below 4.0 and not much changed after incubation of dry samples rich in jarosite. The pedogentic formation of jarosite was identified through the chemical analysis indicating that cations and anion of K, Na, Al and S are present in abandance in $Bg_2$ and $Bg_3$ horizons.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.31-38
• /
• 1997

Temporal and spatial comparisons of acid mine drainage contaminated waters are difficult because of the complex physico-chemical nature of the pollutant. In the present study, an acid mine drainage index has been developed and evaluated for the assessment of surface waters. AMD index is calculated using a modified arithmetic weighted index using seven parameters which are most indicative of AMD contamination, i. e. pH value, sulphate, iron, zinc, aluminum, copper and manganese. Weighting is used to express the relative indicator value of each parameter. The proposed AMD index is used to quantify contamination from acid mine drainage over ten different old mine sites and assess the degree of impact on surface on surface waters. As a result of AMD evaluation, the Sukbong Mine located near the Moonkyung province showed lowest AMD value indicating the worst acid mine drainage quality. In overall, Youngdong mine sites showed higher contaimination compared to the other mine sites including Youngsuh, Choongbu, Suhbu and Nambu area.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.169-177
• /
• 1992

An alkaline protease producing microorganism was isolated from soil and identified as Streptomyces griseus HC-1141. The optimum culture condition of Streptomyces griseus HC- 1141 for the production of alkaline protease was as follows; 0.5% casein, 0.05% ammonium chloride, 0.1% ferrous sulfate. 2.0% lactose, pH 8.0 and 84 hrs. The enzyme was purified about 53 folds by ammonium sulfate treatment, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtratioo on Sephadex G-150. The homogeneity of the purified enzyme was verified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was estimated to be 31,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This enzyme consists of glycine and glutamic acid as major amino acids. The N-terminal and C-terminal residues of the alkaline protease were leucine and histidine respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.86 no.4
• /
• pp.435-442
• /
• 1997

The research was carried out to investigate the contamination of stream water by the acid mine drainage originated from the abandoned coal mines and coal waste rock in Keumsan, Chungnam. The pH, sulfate and chemical compositions in the stream water were analyzed. At the polluted sites, the pH of stream water was the strong acid, ranging from 3.46 to 4.29. The pH shows negative correlations with sulfate, manganese, copper, zinc, iron and magnesium concentrations. Sulfate concentrations of the polluted stream water, 236.73-310.53mg/l, had 10 times more than those of the non-polluted stream water. The concentrations of heavy metals, Mn and Fe, in the polluted water were 0.56 - 0.83mg/l and 5.89 - 10.58mg/l, respectively. The Mn concentrations were 20 times higher than those of the non-polluted stream water. Compared with those in the non-polluted stream water, the Mg and Ca concentrations in the polluted stream water were high because of leaching from rock and soil to water by the acidifications. Calculated AMDI(Acid Mine Drainage Index) values are low in the polluted stream water, relative to those of the non-polluted water.