• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1318-1323
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• 2008

Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a completely new feed ingredient in the Korean feed market. There is an ever increasing need for the Korean feed industry to import and make the best of it as a high protein and high energy feed ingredient. A layer feeding trial was conducted for 10 weeks to investigate the effects of addition of light-colored DDGS to layer diets on laying performance, egg qualities and yolk fatty acid composition. Also, the economics of using DDGS in the Korean situation was analyzed. Nine hundred Hy-line Brown layers, 24 weeks of age, were employed in a feeding trial consisting of four dietary treatments (0, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS), and five replicates per treatment. All experimental diets were prepared as iso-protein (17%) and iso-calorie (TMEn 2,780 kcal/kg). The use of DDGS up to 20% in layer diets did not exert any influence on feed intake, laying rate, total egg mass, mean egg weight and feed conversion ratio (p>0.05). The color and breaking strength of eggshell, as well as the albumin height and Haugh unit were not affected by the addition of DDGS up to 20% in the diet. The yolk color was significantly increased by DDGS supplementation (p<0.05). As the DDGS level increased, the oleic acid content decreased, and the linoleic acid increased (p<0.05) in egg yolk. The degree of saturation of yolk fatty acids was not affected by DDGS supplementation. The inclusion of light-colored DDGS up to 20% in layer diets resulted in a decrease of feed cost per kg without any undesirable effect on laying performance. In conclusion, the light-colored DDGS (L* 56.65) could be used up to 20% in layer diets without any harmful effect on laying performance, and possibly provide economic benefits to the Korean poultry industry.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.104-113
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to determine the digestibility of crude protein (CP), amino acids and energy in three Chinese corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), one rice DDGS, one American corn DDGS and one American high protein distillers dried grains (HP-DDG). In Exp. 1, the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and amino acids in the six samples were determined using cannulated barrows (initial BW: $43.3{\pm}1.7$ kg). In Exp. 2, the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) content of these six samples were determined using crossbred barrows (initial BW: $46.0{\pm}2.5$ kg). The results of the two experiments indicated that Chinese corn DDGS is generally similar to American DDGS in chemical composition, digestibility of amino acids, DE and ME. However, Chinese DDGS had a lower Lys concentration (0.50% vs. 0.74%) and SID Lys (52.3% vs. 57.0%, p<0.01). The DE and ME values in Chinese corn DDGS were 3,427 and 3,306 kcal/kg, respectively. Rice DDGS had a similar DE and ME (3,363 and 3,228 kcal/kg) but higher Lys concentration (0.64% vs. 0.50%) to corn DDGS, while the SID of Lys was quite low (61.8%, p<0.01). HP-DDG had high value of SID of Lys, DE and ME (79.8%, 3,899 and 3,746 kcal/kg). In conclusion, except for a lower Lys concentrations and availability, the chemical composition, digestibility of amino acids, DE and ME values in Chinese corn DDGS are similar to American corn DDGS. Additionally, the rice DDGS had lower Lys content and digestible Lys values than that in corn DDGS. Thirdly, HP-DDG has higher levels of digestible amino acids and energy than DDGS.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2009

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition level of Corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (CDDGS) and phytase in broiler diets on the broiler performance and the ileal amino acid digestibility. Three eighty four Ross broiler (one-day-old) were assigned randomly to 8 treatments groups (12 birds/pen, 4 pens/treatment) as $4{\times}2$ complex factors of CDDGS 4 treatments (0, 5, 10 and 15%) and phytase 2 treatments (0, 500 FTU/kg), and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (starter, 0~2 wk; grower, 2~4 wk; finisher, 4~6 wk). After the feeding trial was finished, 12 broilers (6 weeks) with similar weights were selected from all treatments to investigate the digestibility of nutrients and amino acids for the first week. The experimental diets contained similar ME and CP of all treatments. Body weight gains and feed intakes were high at phytase treatments (P>0.05), but there was no difference in feed intake of the chicks. The amino acid digestibilities of diets were improved for iso-leucine, lysine, threonine, valine, aspartic acid, proline, serine and tyrosine (P<0.05). Finally, this work showed that growth performance and amino acid digestibility were improved by the addition of CDDGS and phytase in broiler diets.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2007

A layer feeding trial was conducted for 10 weeks to investigate the effects of the addition of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to layer diets on the laying performance, egg qualities, and yolk fatty acid composition. Nine hundred Hyline Brown layers, 24 weeks of age,were randomly allotted to 20 replicate laying cages, 45 birds per replicate. There were four diet treatments (0, 10, 15, and 20% DDGS), and five replicates per treatment. All experimental diets were prepared to contain iso-protein (17%) and iso-calorie (TMEn 2,780 kcal/kg). The use of DDGS up to 20% level in layer diets did not exert any influence on feed intake, laying rate, total egg mass, mean egg weight, and feed conversion ratio. DDGS did not exert any influence in weight of egg, breaking strength, and color of eggshell. The albumen height and Haugh unit was not influenced by DDGS addition. The yolk color was significantly increased by DDGS supplementation. As the DDGS level increased, the oleic acid content decreased, and the linoleic acid increased (P<0.05). The degree of saturation of yolk fatty acids was not affected by dietary DDGS. The inclusion of DDGS up to 20% in layer diets resulted in the decrease of feed cost per kg without any effect in the laying performance. In conclusion, the use of DDGS up to 20% level in layer diets could replace corn and soybean meal without any harmful effect on the laying performances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1552-1559
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• 2011

Real time PCR was used in this study to determine the effect of triticale dried distillers grains with solubles (TDDGS) as a replacement for grain or barley silage in finishing diets on the presence of six classical ruminal bacterial species (Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, Selenomonas ruminantium, Streptococcus bovis, Megasphaera elsdenii, Prevotella ruminicola and Fibrobacter succinogenes) within the rumen contents of feedlot cattle. This study was divided into a step-wise adaptation experiment (112 days) that examined the effects of adaptation to diets containing increasing levels of TDDGS up to 30% (n = 4), a short-term experiment comparing animals (n = 16) fed control, 20%, 25% or 30% TDDGS diets over 28 days, and a rapid transition experiment (56 days) where animals (n = 4) were rapidly switched from a diet containing 30% TDDGS to a barley-based diet with no TDDGS. It was found that feeding TDDGS as replacement for barley grain (control vs. 20% TDDGS) decreased 16S rRNA copy numbers of starch-fermenting S. ruminantium and S. bovis (p<0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively), but did not alter 16S rRNA copy numbers of the other rumen bacteria. Furthermore, feeding TDDGS as a replacement barley silage (20% vs. 25% and 30% TDDGS) increased 16S rRNA copy numbers of S. ruminantium, M. elsdenii and F. succinogenes (p<0.001; p = 0.03 and p<0.001, respectively), but decreased (p<0.001) the 16S rRNA copy number of P. ruminicola. Upon removal of 30% TDDGS and return to the control diet, 16S rRNA copy numbers of S. ruminantium, M. elsdenii and F. succinogenes decreased (p = 0.01; p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively), but S. dextrinosolvens and S. bovis increased (p = 0.04 and p = 0.009, respectively). The results suggest that replacement of TDDGS for grain reduces 16S rRNA copy numbers of starch-fermenting bacteria, whereas substitution for barley silage increases 16S rRNA copy numbers of bacteria involved in fibre digestion and the metabolism of lactic acid. This outcome supports the contention that the fibre in TDDGS is highly fermentable.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2009

A 10-wk layer feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of high quality corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on performance, egg qualities, and yolk fatty acid composition. The economics of using DDGS in the Korean situation was also analyzed. A total of 216 Hy-line Brown layers, 23-wk of age, were employed in this trial consisting of three dietary treatments (0%, 10%, and 20% DDGS), and six replicates per treatment. All experimental diets were prepared as iso-protein (17%) and iso-calorie (2,780 kcal/kg). The use of DDGS up to 20% in layer diets did not affect the feed intake, laying rate, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). At 5th and 10th wk of the trial, the eggshell color, albumen height, and Haugh unit were not influenced by the DDGS supplementation. At 5th wk of the trial, the eggshell qualities, like eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, and eggshell strength, were not affected by the DDGS feeding; however, these eggshell qualities were decreased at 10th wk due to the 20% DDGS feeding (P<0.05). Yolk color of DDGS 20% increased compared to DDGS 0% at 5th and 10th wk of the trial (P<0.05). At 10th wk, yolk/egg ratio of DDGS 20% decreased compared to DDGS 0% (P<0.05). The yolk fat content was not changed due to DDGS feeding. The monounsaturated fatty acid content of yolk decreased linearly by feeding DDGS (P<0.05). The yolk polyunsaturated fatty acid content of DDGS 20% increased significantly compared to DDGS 0%. The DDGS feeding was not found to affect the degree of yolk fat unsaturation. The cost of feed (￦/kg feed) decreased as the level of DDGS increased. The production costs of egg (￦/kg egg) were cheap in the order of DDGS 10%, DDGS 20%, and DDGS 0%, indicating that DDGS is a viable alternative feed ingredient to corn and soybean meal. In conclusion, high quality DDGS ($L^*$ 61.72) could be used economically up to 20% level without any harmful effect on laying performance: however, the use of DDGS up to 10% is more economical than DDGS 20%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the variation in nutrient composition of oilseed meals and to develop prediction equations for amino acid concentrations. Energy and nutrient contents were determined in a total of 1,380 feed ingredient samples including copra byproducts, corn distillers, dried grains with solubles, palm kernel byproducts, and soybean meal. The ingredient samples were imported to the Republic of Korea between 2006 and 2015. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The regression procedure of SAS was used to generate the prediction equation for the lysine concentration using the crude protein (CP) concentration as an independent variable. The concentrations of moisture, gross energy, CP, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, lysine, methionine, cysteine, and threonine in tested oilseed meals differed (P<0.05) depending on producing countries. The prediction equations for amino acid concentrations (% as-is basis) in the oilseed meals are: lysine = -1.08 + 0.080 × CP (root mean square error = 0.244, R² = 0.924, and P<0.001); threonine = -0.297 + 0.044 × CP (root mean square error = 0.099, R² = 0.958, and P<0.001). In conclusion, energy and nutrient compositions vary in the oilseed meals depending on the producing countries. Moreover, the crude protein concentration can be used as a suitable independent variable for estimating lysine and threonine concentrations in the oilseed meals.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.135-142
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• 2020

The objective of this experiment was to determine the apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in five feed ingredients for male broiler chickens (Ross 308). The test feed ingredients consisted of corn, wheat, soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM), and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The birds were fed a standard starter diet for the first 19 d. On day 19, nine hundred sixty birds were assigned to six dietary treatments with eight replicate cages (20 birds/cage) in a randomized complete block design. All experimental diets contained chromic oxide (0.5% in the diet) as an indigestible index. The diets were offered ad libitum for 4 d. At the end of the experiment, all birds were euthanized and ileal digesta samples were collected immediately. The indispensable AA with the least AID and SID were Thr for all the ingredients used in the present study, except for DDGS, in which Lys had the lowest digestibility. For indispensable AA, the AID and SID of Leu, Phe, Arg, and Met were the greatest in corn, DDGS, wheat, SBM, and CM, respectively. The results from the present study showed that there are variations in both the AID and SID of CP and AA among feed ingredients.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2012

To investigate the effects of dietary substituent of corn distiller's dries grains with solubles (CDDGS) on the amino acid digestibility of broiler diet, twenty four Ross broilers (6-wk-old) were used in this study. Basal diet (CP 19%, ME 3,150 kcal/kg) was formulated on corn-soybean meal and two levels of CDDGS (6 and 12%) were supplemented to basal diet. CDDDS levels (0, 6 and 12%) and 4 different sites of chicken intestines (distal end of jejunum, the middle part of the ileum, the distal end of ileum and the distal end of the rectum) were evaluated factorial as $3{\times}4$ three arrangement. Statistical analysis did not show any significant interaction between dietary treatments and the sites of the intestines in amino acid digestibility (P>0.05). There was no significant difference among the sites of chicken intestines in the digestibility (P<0.05). The digestibility of lysine (essential amino acid) and glycine (non-essential amino acid) decreased at increasing supplementation of CDDGS (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on the digestibility of other amino acids studied. In conclusion, the result of this work showed that CDDGS can use as alternative resources in broiler diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1460-1468
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to quantify the flow of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in the liquid phase of ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD), and to investigate diurnal pattern in SNAN flow in OD. Five ruminally cannulated Finnish-Ayrshire dairy cows in a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design consumed a basal diet of grass silage and barley grain, and that supplemented with four protein feeds (kg/d DM basis) as follows: skimmed milk powder (2.1), wet distiller' solubles (3.0), untreated rapeseed meal (2.1) and treated rapeseed meal (2.1). Ruminal digesta was sampled using a vacuum pump, whereas OD was collected using an omasal sampling system at 1.0 h interval during a 12 h feeding cycle. Both RD and OD were acidified, centrifuged to remove microbes and precipitated with trichloroacetic acid followed by centrifugation. The SNAN fractions (free amino acid (AA), peptide and soluble protein) in RD and OD were assessed using ninhydrin assay. Free AA, peptide and soluble protein averaged 60.0, 89.4 and 2.1 g/d, respectively, for RD, and 81.8, 121.5 and 2.5 g/d, respectively, for OD. Although free AA flow was relatively high, mean peptide flow was quantitatively the most important fraction of SNAN, indicating that degradation of peptide to AA rather than hydrolysis of soluble protein to peptide or deamination may be the most limiting step in rumen proteolysis. Diurnal pattern in flow of peptide including free AA in OD during a 12 h feeding cycle peaked 1 h post-feeding, decreased by 3 h post-feeding and was relatively constant thereafter. Protein supplementation showed higher flow of peptide including free AA immediately after feeding compared with no supplemented diet. There were no differences among protein supplements in diurnal pattern in flow of peptide including free AA in OD.